Table 2.
Antitumor effect mechanism of APS.
| Pharmacological action | Function | Living model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation | Downregulation of cyclin B and cyclin E expression and upregulation of P21 expression | K562 cells | (Jia et al., 2012) |
| Blockage of cells in the G0-G1 phase | MKN45 cells HgpG2 cells | (Wang et al., 2015; Tian et al., 2018) | |
| Decrease in proliferating nuclear antigen expression | COLO205 cells | (Zhu G.M. et al., 2013) | |
| Cell blockage in the G1 phase; cells in the S phase were obviously reduced | BEL-7404 cells | (Yang et al., 2016) | |
| Reduction of transcriptional activity of P65mRNA in cells, reduction of LC3B and beclin 1 expression | A549 cells | (Chao et al., 2012; Li, 2014) | |
| Increase of BAX protein expression, decrease of BCL2 protein expression | H22 cells | (Xie et al., 2009) | |
| H22 tumor-bearing mice | (Xie et al., 2009) | ||
| Regulation of CDC6 and CCNB1 | MCF-7 cells | (Zheng et al., 2012) | |
| Promote tumor cells apoptosis | Cell blockage in the G1 phase; cells in the S phase were obviously reduced | MCF-7 cells | (Zhao and Li, 2005) |
| 4T1 cells | (Wu et al., 2017) | ||
| Promotion of cell differentiation into the G0-G1 and G0-M phases, decrease in the S phase | HgpG2 cells | (Wang X.L. et al., 2019) | |
| Inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway | HgpG2 cells | (Lai et al., 2017) | |
| Inhibition of the transcriptional activity of NF-κB | A549 cells | (Liu C. et al., 2019) | |
| Decrease in BCL2 expression, increase in caspase 3 activity | HgpG2 cells | (Li et al., 2019a) | |
| Increase in the levels of BAX and caspase 8, and decrease in the levels of BCL2 | H460 cells | (Li et al., 2019b) | |
| Downregulation of BAX and BCL2 expression | SGC7901 cells | (Wang, 2012) | |
| Reduction of telomerase activity | HL-60 cells | (Feng and Zhang, 2010) | |
| Increase in intracellular calcium concentration | S-180 cells | (Lee and Jeon, 2005) | |
| Inhibit tumor cell metastasis | Decrease in MMP2 | C-33A cells | (Wu et al., 2013) |
| Up-regulation of E-cadherin expression, inhibition of MMP2 | C-4I cells | (Zhang et al., 2015) | |
| Inhibition of NOTCH1 expression | H22 cells | (Nie, 2014) | |
| Inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways | Lewis cells | (Yao et al., 2005) |