Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristic of PRES patients with atypical regions.
| Characteristic | n |
|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHICS AND SYMPTOMS | |
| Sex/F | 305/553 (55.2%) |
| Age (median, range, years) | (34, 0.08–85) |
| Headache | 282/556 (50.7%) |
| Altered mental status | 243/556 (43.7%) |
| Seizures | 233/556 (41.9%) |
| Visual disturbances | 194/556 (34.9%) |
| Nausea/vomiting | 130/556 (23.4%) |
| Focal neurological deficits | 101/556 (18.2%) |
| Dizziness | 38/556 (6.8%) |
| Gait disturbances | 27/556 (4.9%) |
| Fever | 25/556 (4.5%) |
| Disorientation | 23/556 (4.1%) |
| Ataxia | 20/556 (3.6%) |
| Dyspnea | 16/556 (2.9%) |
| Abdominal pain | 13/556 (2.3%) |
| Abnormal urine | 12/556 (2.2%) |
| Others (each symptom)# | ≤2% |
| PREDISPOSING FACTOR | |
| Hypertension | 425/556 (76.4%) |
| Renal diseases | 152/556 (27.3%) |
| Immunosuppressant drugs | 79/556 (14.2%) |
| Chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy | 59/556 (10.6%) |
| Autoimmune disorders | 55/556 (9.9%) |
| Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia | 41/556 (7.4%) |
| Infection/sepsis/shock | 32/556 (5.8%) |
| Steroids | 24/556 (4.3%) |
| Metabolic disorders | 15/556 (2.7%) |
| Miscellaneous drugs | 13/556 (2.3%) |
| Dialysis | 12/556 (2.2%) |
| Transfusion | 11/556 (2.0%) |
| Endocrine disorders | 7/556 (1.3%) |
| Surgery | 6/556 (1.1%) |
| Others (each factor)* | ≤1% |
| TREATMENT | |
| Antihypertensives | 358/515 (69.5%) |
| Antiepileptics/sedation | 126/515 (24.5%) |
| Discontinuation/switching agents | 67/515 (13.0%) |
| Steroid | 54/515 (10.5%) |
| Dehydrating/diuretics | 34/515 (6.6%) |
| Intracranial decompression | 24/515 (4.7%) |
| Hemodialysis | 23/515 (4.5%) |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 20/515 (3.9%) |
| Anti-infective treatment | 16/515 (3.1%) |
| Others (each treatment)$ | ≤2% |
The main characteristics (>10%) are marked in bold.
Others (each symptom)#: involuntary movement, fatigue, behavioral changes, edema, loss of appetite, neck stiffness, diarrhea, polydipsia and weight loss, purpura, and insomnia.
Others (each factor)*: sickle cell disease, substance abuser, reduction in intracranial pressure, intoxication, contrast medium exposure, trauma, multiple system atrophy, embolus, hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Others (each treatment)$: plasma exchange, treatment for tumor, renal angioplasty, glyceryl trinitrate infusion, and others <1%.