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. 2020 Mar 24;14:231. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00231

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Copyright © 2020 Gage, Calle, Jacobson, Carroll and DeGrandi-Hoffman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Summary figure. (Top) Bees fed pollen showed few changes in amino acids (AA) and no difference was found in olfactory learning and memory performance on Day 7. By Day 11, pollen-fed bees show higher levels of (AA) in the brain, especially in non-essential amino acids. (Bottom) Nosema-infected bees show a different profile with pollen. At Day 7, several AA in the brain are affected by pollen in addition to enhanced olfactory learning and memory behavior and spore intensity. By Day 11, pollen does not affect AA.