TABLE 1.
Brain levels of amino acids in response to pollen, age and Nosema ceranae infection.
| Day 7 |
Day 11 |
% Change from Day 7 to Day 11 |
||||||
| Amino acid | (+) Pollen | (−) Pollen | Effect of Pollen? | (+) Pollen | (−) Pollen | Effect of pollen? | (+) Pollen | (−) Pollen |
| Uninfected Bees +/−P | ||||||||
| Alanine | 3.72 ± 0.026 | 3.68 ± 0.027 | 3.9 ± 0.024 | 3.73 ± 0.028 | ***Higher | ****5% | 1% | |
| Arginine | 3.51 ± 0.100 | 3.5 ± 0.096 | 3.63 ± 0.100 | 3.07 ± 0.125 | *Higher | 3% | −12% | |
| Asparagine | 2.59 ± 0.046 | 2.65 ± 0.048 | 3.17 ± 0.044 | 2.81 ± 0.050 | ****Higher | ****22% | 6% | |
| Cysteine | 2.69 ± 0.105 | 1.75 ± 0.12 | ****Higher | 2.94 ± 0.11 | 2.12 ± 0.13 | ****Higher | 9% | 21% |
| Glutamine | 2.12 ± 0.049 | 2.32 ± 0.049 | 2.76 ± 0.048 | 2.34 ± 0.053 | ****Higher | ****30% | 1% | |
| Glycine | 3.08 ± 0.026 | 3.03 ± 0.027 | 3.33 ± 0.028 | 3.06 ± 0.031 | ****Higher | ****8% | 1% | |
| Histidine | 2.48 ± 0.054 | 2.61 ± 0.058 | 3.08 ± 0.054 | 2.79 ± 0.063 | *Higher | ****24% | 7% | |
| Isoleucine | 3.88 ± 0.031 | 3.74 ± 0.033 | *Higher | 3.79 ± 0.033 | 3.63 ± 0.034 | *Higher | −2% | −3% |
| Leucine | 3.23 ± 0.032 | 3.15 ± 0.033 | 3.36 ± 0.032 | 3.13 ± 0.034 | ***Higher | 4% | −1% | |
| Lysine | 3.82 ± 0.057 | 4.26 ± 0.062 | ****Lower | 4.02 ± 0.057 | 3.83 ± 0.064 | 5% | *** −10% | |
| Methionine | 4.4 ± 0.044 | 4.31 ± 0.050 | 4.52 ± 0.044 | 4.33 ± 0.052 | 3% | 0% | ||
| Phenylalanine | 3.14 ± 0.050 | 3.09 ± 0.050 | 3.14 ± 0.048 | 2.99 ± 0.052 | 0% | −3% | ||
| Proline | 4.79 ± 0.037 | 4.82 ± 0.038 | 5.22 ± 0.037 | 4.9 ± 0.041 | ****Higher | ****8% | 2% | |
| Serine | 2.29 ± 0.15 | 2.59 ± 0.14 | 3.67 ± 0.12 | 3.41 ± 0.14 | ****60% | **32% | ||
| Threonine | 1.85 ± 0.11 | 3.03 ± 0.11 | ****Lower | 3.5 ± 0.11 | 3.25 ± 0.14 | ****89% | 7% | |
| Tryptophan | 2.73 ± 0.043 | 2.96 ± 0.046 | *Lower | 3 ± 0.043 | 2.88 ± 0.048 | ***10% | −3% | |
| Tyrosine | 2.95 ± 0.051 | 3.14 ± 0.047 | 3.48 ± 0.046 | 3.181 ± 0.051 | **Higher | ****18% | 1% | |
| Valine | 2.74 ± 0.25 | 2.64 ± 0.25 | 1.8 ± 0.22 | 1.73 ± 0.25 | −34% | −34% | ||
| Nosema bees +/− P | ||||||||
| Alanine | 3.54 ± 0.026 | 3.74 ± 0.025 | ****Lower | 3.77 ± 0.025 | 3.83 ± 0.025 | ****6% | 2% | |
| Arginine | 3.18 ± 0.100 | 3.16 ± 0.100 | 3.72 ± 0.108 | 3.6 ± 0.141 | *17% | 14% | ||
| Asparagine | 2.34 ± 0.046 | 2.69 ± 0.044 | ****Lower | 2.99 ± 0.048 | 3.03 ± 0.046 | ****28% | ****13% | |
| Cysteine | 2.49 ± 0.105 | 2.4 ± 0.105 | 3.02 ± 0.11 | 2.96 ± 0.16 | *21% | 23% | ||
| Glutamine | 1.94 ± 0.053 | 2.3 ± 0.048 | ***Lower | 2.48 ± 0.048 | 2.61 ± 0.049 | ***28% | ***13% | |
| Glycine | 2.97 ± 0.027 | 3.11 ± 0.031 | *Lower | 3.16 ± 0.027 | 3.24 ± 0.028 | ***6% | 4% | |
| Histidine | 2.48 ± 0.058 | 2.49 ± 0.058 | 2.92 ± 0.054 | 2.73 ± 0.056 | ****18% | 10% | ||
| Isoleucine | 3.78 ± 0.033 | 3.96 ± 0.031 | **Lower | 3.68 ± 0.033 | 3.7 ± 0.032 | −3% | ****−7% | |
| Leucine | 3.1 ± 0.032 | 3.27 ± 0.031 | **Lower | 3.19 ± 0.031 | 3.2 ± 0.032 | 3% | −2% | |
| Lysine | 3.77 ± 0.059 | 4.01 ± 0.059 | 3.98 ± 0.062 | 4.01 ± 0.059 | 6% | 0% | ||
| Methionine | 4.23 ± 0.046 | 4.43 ± 0.044 | *Lower | 4.49 ± 0.046 | 4.49 ± 0.050 | **6% | 1% | |
| Phenylalanine | 3.04 ± 0.048 | 3.3 ± 0.046 | **Lower | 3.1 ± 0.048 | 3.06 ± 0.050 | 2% | * −7% | |
| Proline | 4.6 ± 0.040 | 4.75 ± 0.037 | 5.01 ± 0.038 | 5.04 ± 0.038 | ****9% | **** 6% | ||
| Serine | 3.2 ± 0.14 | 3.4 ± 0.13 | 3.37 ± 0.12 | 3.11 ± 0.14 | 5% | −9% | ||
| Threonine | 3.14 ± 0.11 | 3.34 ± 0.11 | 3.07 ± 0.11 | 3.14 ± 0.11 | −2% | −6% | ||
| Tryptophan | 2.76 ± 0.044 | 2.96 ± 0.046 | *Lower | 3.1 ± 0.048 | 3.01 ± 0.044 | ****12% | 2% | |
| Tyrosine | 2.89 ± 0.049 | 3.23 ± 0.046 | ****Lower | 3.22 ± 0.046 | 3.22 ± 0.051 | ****11% | 0% | |
| Valine | 2.68 ± 0.24 | 1.97 ± 0.23 | 1.37 ± 0.22 | 0.368 ± 0.25 | **−49% | ***−81% | ||
Numbers indicate the average amino acid concentration (log10 ng/mg ± SEM). These values are reported for uninfected bees (top) and Nosema-infected bees (bottom). Day 7 and Day 11 refer to the age of the bee when brains were dissected, and values were separated according to whether bees were pollen-fed (+ Pollen) or unfed (− Pollen). “Effect of Pollen” denotes whether a pollen diet significantly affected an amino acid concentration. For example, “lower” indicates a drop in the average amino acid concentration with a pollen diet. The “Change from Day 7 to Day 11” indicates the percentage change from the Day 7 average amino acid concentration to the Day 11 average. Asterisks denote a significant change according to the following scale: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001, three-way ANOVA, Tukey-HSD.