TABLE 1.

Examples of MSC used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in Asia.

Cells	Disease	Mode of stem cell application	References
Bone marrow stem cell (BMSC)	Bone injury	1. BMSC and endothelial progenitor cell mixture for large segment of bone defect 2. Calcitonin-related gene-modified rat BMSCs for skull defect 3. Repair of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate) hydrogels seeded with BMSCs for repairing osteochondral defects	Peng et al., 2019 Yu et al., 2019 Lim et al., 2013
	Cartilage injury	1. Reconstruction of human-ear-shaped cartilage by co-culturing chondrocytes with BMSCs 2. In vitro engineered cartilage based on autologous BMSC	Zhang L. et al., 2014 He et al., 2017
	Spinal cord injury	1. BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles to repair spinal cord injury 2. Exosomes derived from BMSCs repair traumatic spinal cord injury	Lu Y. et al., 2019 Liu W. et al., 2019
	Lung injury	1. Mice BMSCs were injected into mice via the tail vein to treat acute lung 2. BMSC transplantation to treat smoke inhalation injury	Feng et al., 2019 Liang et al., 2019
	Liver cirrhosis	Autologous BMSCs transplantation in human	Rajaram et al., 2017
	Severe Asherman syndrome	GFP-labeled BMSCs was injected systemically through the tail vein in rat	Gao L. et al., 2018
	Intrauterine adhesion	BMSC-loaded elastic poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffold	Xiao et al., 2019
	Hearing loss	BMSC transplantation recovery functional restoration of mouse cochleae	Kada et al., 2019
	Peripheral nerve injury	BMSC-derived acellular matrix-coated chitosan/silk scaffold	Xue et al., 2017
	Type 2 diabetes	Autologous BMSCs transplantation in human	Wang et al., 2011; Bhansali et al., 2014
Adipose mesenchymal stromal cell (ADSC)	Osteoarthritis	ADSCs with hyaluronic acid were intra-articularly injected into the knee	Kuroda et al., 2015
	Cartilage injury	1. ADSC/hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel 2. Controlled chondrogenesis from ADSC by recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 3 fusion protein in peptide scaffolds	Wang C. Z. et al., 2018 Zheng et al., 2015
	Bone injury	MiR-135-modified ADSC	Xie et al., 2016
	Intervertebral disc injury	ADSC-derived tissue-engineered construct	Ishiguro et al., 2019
	Stricture after extended esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection	ADSC-sheet transplantation	Perrod et al., 2017
	Urethral defect	Polylactid acid fibrous membrane seeded with ADSC	Wang D. J. et al., 2015
	Atrophied muscle	Autologous ADSCs transplantation	Park and Kwon, 2017
	Type 2 diabetes	Autologous ADSCs transplantation	Qi et al., 2019