Table 1.

Summary of the developments on PHA nanobead protein functionalization for various applications.

	PHA	Functionalization	GAP	Bacterial strain	Ref.
Diagnostics	PHB	Mouse interleukin 2 IL2/myelin oligodendrocite glycoprotein MOG	PhaP phasin PhaC synthase	E. coli	18, 21
	PHA	EFG/RFG/Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus SARSCoV envelop protein	PHA depolymerase	A. faecalis	22
	PHB	Tuberculosis antigens, ESAT6, CFP10, and Rv3615c	PhaC synthase	E. coli	23
	PHB	Anti-β-galactosidase single-chain antibody variable fragment scFv	PhaC synthase	E. coli	24
Vaccines	PHB	M. tuberculosis antigen Ag85A-ESTAT-6	PhaC synthase	E. coli, L. lactis	19, 25, 26, 27, 28
	PHB	Hepatitis C virus core antigen HCc	PhaC synthase	E. coli/L. lactis	29
Drug delivery	PHBHHx	Mannosylated human α1-acid glycoprotein (hAGP)/human epidermal growth factor (hEGF)	PhaP phasin	In vitro	30
	PHB	RGD	PhaC synthase	In vitro	31
	PHB/PHBHHx	Rhodamine B isothiocyanate RBITC	Non	In vitro	32
	PHB	Rifampicin	Non	In vitro	33
	PHBHHx	Triamcinolone Acetonide	Non	In vitro	34
	PHB	Lomustine CCNU	Non	In vitro	35
	PHBHHx	Heparzine-A	Non	In vitro	36
	PHB	Diclofenac, dexamethasone	Non	In vitro	37
	PHBHHx	Etoposide and attached folic acid	Non	In vitro	38
	PHBHHx	Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)	Non	In vitro	39
Cell targeting	PHBHHx	Polyethylenimine coating	Non	In vitro	40
Imaging	PHB	GFP/HcRed	PhaC synthase/PhaP phasin	E. coli	41, 42
	PHO	GFP	PhaF phasin	P. putida	8, 9
	PHB	Inorganic material binding peptide, antibody binding ZZ domain	PhaC synthase	E. coli	43
Insecticide	PHO	Cry1Ab	PhaF phasin	P. putida	16
Bioseparation		Immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding ZZ domain of S. aureus Protein A	PhaC synthase	E. coli	13, 44, 45
	PHB	ZZ	PhaC synthase	L. lactis	25
	PHB	Streptavidin	PhaC synthase	E. coli	46
Protein purification	PHB	EGFP/Maltose binding protein MBP/β-galactosidase (lacZ)-intein	PhaP phasin	R. eutropha	47
	PHB	GFP, LacZ	PhaP phasin	R. eutropha	48
	PHB	Intein self-cleaving affinity tag, EGFP, MBP, LacZ	PhaP phasin	E. coli	49
Enzymes	mclPHA	LacZ	PhaC synthase	P. aeruginosa	14
	PHB	α-amylase variant (TermamylTM)	PhaC synthase	E. coli	50
	PHB	Organophosphohydrolase OpdA	PhaC synthase	E. coli	17
	PHB	PhaA-PhaB	PhaC synthase	E. coli	51
Endotoxin removal	PHB	Lipopolysaccharide binding protein	PhaP phasin	In vitro	52