Table 5.

Risk factors for VAP

Host Factors	Intervention Factors
Oropharyngeal colonization	Emergency intubation
Gastric colonization	Reintubation
Thermal injury (burns)	Tracheostomy
Posttraumatic	Bronchoscopy
Postsurgical	Nasogastric tube
Impaired consciousness	Duration of hospital stay/ICU stay
Immunosuppression	Multiple central venous line insertions
Organ failure	Sedatives
Sinusitis	Stress ulcer prophylaxis
Severity of underlying illness	Prior antibiotics/no antibiotic prophylaxis
Old age (≥60 y)	Immunosuppressives (corticosteroids)
Presence of comorbidities	Supine head position

From Joseph NM, Sistla S, Dutta TK, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: a review. Eur J Intern Med 2010;21:360–8; with permission.