Table 2.

Examples of Novel Human and Animal Viruses Discovered by Various Nucleic Acid Detection Strategies

Discovery method	Human viruses	Animal viruses
Virus discovery microarrays	Novel human cardiovirus17	Beluga whale coronavirus18
Sequence-dependent amplification techniques	Coronavirus HKU1,7 Bundibugyo ebola virus,19 novel Hanta virus,20 TTV-like minivirus,21 and rhinovirus C22	Bat sapovirus23; bovine astrovirus24; avian, bat, camel, rabbit, and dolphin coronaviruses25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31; canine and murine noroviruses32, 33; porcine, bat, feline, and murine paramyxoviruses34, 35, 36, 37; feline, canine, bat, and avian picornaviruses38, 39, 40, 41; feline and canine bocavirus42; and porcine and bovine parvovirus43
Sequence-independent amplification techniques
Representational difference analysis/digital transcriptome subtraction	Human herpesvirus 8,4 Torque teno virus,44 and Merkel cell polyomavirus2	Chimpanzee GB virus45
Virus discovery cDNA amplified fragment-length polymorphism, with or without high-throughput sequencing	Novel genotype of torque teno minivirus,46 novel parechovirus,47 and novel HIV-1 variant48	Novel bat parvoviruses49
DNase sequence-independent single-primer amplification	Novel picornavirus,50 novel parvovirus,51 and novel adenovirus genotype52	Bovine parvoviruses53
Unbiased high-throughput sequencing of random primer PCR amplification products	Transplant-associated arenavirus,54 Cosavirus, Klassevirus/Salivirus,55, 56 novel human bocavirus,57 novel picobirnavirus,58 Saffold virus,59 New Jersey polyomavirus,60 novel astrovirus,61 and novel papillomavirus62	Novel bat papillomavirus63 and camel hepatitis E virus genotype64