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. 2013 Dec 10;10(4):819–829. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.11.009

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(A) A schematic illustration of the working principle for the micromixer operated with both vacuum and compressed air. (B) Normalized concentration profile across the micromixers. (C) Mixing index while operated at different driving frequencies. (D) Contact angle measurement for different surfaces: (D-1) non-modified PDMS, 98.4° ± 5.4°; (D-2) P123 modified surface, 48.0° ± 2.6°; (D-3) P123/PAA modified surface, 68.6° ± 4.6°; (D-4) P123/PAA/PEI modified surface, 103.3° ± 0.9°; (D-5) P123/PAA₂/PEI modified surface, 101.7° ± 2.7°; (D-6) P123/PAA₂/PEI₂ modified surface, 111.4° ± 3.2°. (E-1–E-6) After surface modification, the non-specific adsorption of nanoparticles in the micromixer could be observed.