Table 3.
Pathogens associated with pneumonia in children of different age groups.*
| Age | Common pathogens | Less common pathogens |
|---|---|---|
| <2 months | Group B streptococci Listeria monocytogenes Chlamydia trachomatis Bordetella pertussis Enteric (gram -) bacteria RSV |
Influenza virus (A and B) Human metapneumovirus Rhinovirus Adenovirus Enterovirus CMV |
| 2-23 months |
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae B. pertussis RSV Influenza virus (A and B) Parainfluenza virus Human metapneumovirus Rhinovirus Measles |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosisa Chlamydophila pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes C. trachomatis Human bocavirus Human corona virus CMV Adenovirus Enterovirus |
| 2-4 years |
S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis RSV Influenza virus (A and B) Parainfluenza virus Rhinovirus Measles |
M. pneumoniae C. pneumoniae S. aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae S. pyogenes M. tuberculosisa Human metapneumovirus Human bocavirus Human corona virus CMV Adenovirus Enterovirus |
| 5-14 years |
S. pneumoniae M. pneumoniae M. catarrhalis S. aureus Influenza virus (A and B) Parainfluenza virus Rhinovirus |
C. pneumoniae H. influenzae K. pneumoniae S. pyogenes M. tuberculosisa Legionella pneumophila RSV CMV Adenovirus |
RSV - Respiratory Syncytial Virus; CMV – Cytomegalovirus; S. aureus includes methicillin resistant strains (MRSA); H. influenzae includes type B and non-typable strains.
a
The risk of tuberculosis is dependent on the likelihood of M. tuberculosis exposure/infection; it is a particular problem in settings with uncontrolled transmission.