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. 2015 Feb 3;31(5):174–180. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.002

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Complexities of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Arctic regions in the absence of felid definitive hosts (DH) that shed oocysts above the treeline. Complexities include the possibilities of parasite flow among terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems; south to north transport of tissue cysts in migratory wildlife intermediate hosts (IH); and congenital (transplacental) transmission, which is thought to occur in most mammalian hosts. Adapted with permission from Audrey Simon, PhD Thesis, Université de Montréal, 2012.