Table.

Examples of preventive measures for diseases that have a modified epidemiology because of urban determinants

	Preventive measures for the community	Preventive measures for urban travellers
Water-borne diseases
Bacterial dysentery, hepatitis A, cholera	Improvement of water supply, sanitation, and sewage systems	Food and water precautions Vaccination (hepatitis A and cholera)
Vector-borne diseases
Dengue; chikungunya	Promotion of actions to remove larval habitats of mosquito vectors	Protection against mosquito bites
Malaria	Elimination of mosquito breeding sites, use of mosquito nets, and indoor residual spraying with insecticides	Protection against mosquito bites Prophylactic drug
Leishmaniasis	According to the species: vector control, ±control of mammalian hosts	Protection against sandfly bites
Lymphatic filariasis	Elimination of mosquito breeding sites	Protection against mosquito bites
African trypanosomiasis	Reduction of the tsetse fly population Diagnosis and treatment of people who are infected	Avoidance of affected regions Protection against tsetse fly bites
Chagas disease	Vector control (insecticide spraying) and housing improvement	Not sleeping in precarious dwellings Bednets
Yellow fever	Vector control Vaccination	Vaccination Protection against mosquito bites
Plague	Improvement of waste management	Protection against flea bites
Leptospirosis	Improvement of sewerage systems and waste management	Avoidance of direct and indirect contact with animal urine
Air-borne diseases
Tuberculosis	Early diagnosis and treatment of patients who are infectious Reduction of social situations that increase the risk of infection	Avoidance of exposure to patients with known tuberculosis in crowded environments
Pneumonia	Reduction of atmospheric pollution
Sexually transmitted diseases
HIV	Health education in the public and in schools Access to condoms and treatment	Condoms Avoidance of use of unsterilised material (eg, for medical and dental procedures, or tattooing) and blood products