Table 3.
Identity of co-pathogens in patients with severe human rhinovirus- and influenza virus-associated pneumonia.
| Co-pathogensa | Total (n = 78) |
Rhinovirus (n = 27) |
Influenza virus (n = 51) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any | 38 (48.7) | 12 (44.4) | 26 (51.0) | 0.58 |
| Other virus | 14 (17.9) | 8 (29.6) | 6 (11.8) | 0.07 |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 6 | 2b | 4 | |
| Cytomegalovirus | 4 | 4 | 0 | |
| Human coronavirusc | 4 | 1b | 3 | |
| Parainfluenza virus | 1 | 1d | 0 | |
| Bacteria | 24 (30.8) | 5 (18.5) | 19 (37.3) | 0.09 |
| S. aureus | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0.09 |
| A. baumannii | 5 | 2 | 3e | |
| S. pneumoniae | 5 | 2 | 3 | |
| P. aeruginosa | 2 | 0 | 2e | |
| K. pneumoniae | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| S. pyogenes | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| C. striatum | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| E. cloacae | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| C. freundii | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, unspecified | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Aspergillus species | 6 (7.7) | 2 (7.4) | 4 (7.8) | 1.00 |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii | 4 (5.1) | 4 (14.8) | 0 | 0.01 |
a
Include pathogens identified from BAL fluid specimen or other specimens including nasopharyngeal specimen, sputum, endotracheal aspirate, and blood culture. Categories of coinfection were not mutually exclusive. Some cases were associated with two or more category of pathogens.
b
Respiratory syncytial virus A and human coronavirus 229E/NL63 were identified together.
c
Include two human coronavirus OC43/HKU-1 and two human coronavirus 229E/NL63.
d
PIV-1 and PIV-3 were co-identified.
e
In one patient, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii were co-identified.