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Effect of (A) heat treatment (85 °C) and (B) protease treatment on bacteriophage T4 quantitation over time as assessed by plaque assay, qPCR, and PMA-PCR. As shown, PMA-qPCR is not sufficiently effective to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious viruses. Error bars show standard deviations from three independent assays.
Figure adapted from Fittipaldi et al. (2010) with permission.
