Table 1.
Examples of Pathogens and Their Relationships to Human Potential Resistance/Susceptibility Alleles
| Pathogen or disease | Gene or gene variants | Effect association | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasmodium falciparum |
HBB, HBC, HBA1, HBA2 FCGR2B |
Protection (associated with hemoglobinopathies) Protection (associated with SLEa) |
[9,13,102] [69] |
| Plasmodium vivax | DARC, HLA-DRB1* and HLA-DQB1* | Protection | [11,12,103] |
| Bacterial sepsis | CASP12 (T125C) | Protection | [14] |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
VDR, SLC11A1, TIRAP, HLA, CCL2, IL12A IFNG (874T/A) |
Protection Detrimental |
[17,18,104] [40] |
| Lassa virus | IL21 and LARGE | Protection | [20] |
| Trypanosoma brucei | APOL1 | Protection (associated with SLE) | [68] |
| Viral infections (e.g., HSV type 2, influenza, papillomavirus) | HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 | Protection (associated with CD) | [105,106] |
| Bacterial products (Escherichia coli LPS and muramyl dipeptide) | SH2B3 rs3184504*A | Protection (detrimental for CD) | [72] |
| Gram-negative bacterial infections and parasitic infections | NOD2 and TLR4/CD14 | Protection (detrimental for IBD) | [74,107, 108, 109] |
| HIV-1 | CCR5Δ32 | Protection | [98] |
a
Abbreviations: CD, Crohn’s disease; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.