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. 2020 Mar 31;51:48. doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00771-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Immunohistological findings in mock (n = 2), DE_142-PAASSR (n = 2) and BD_11749_PAKSKR (n = 3) avian influenza virus (AIV) infected 14 days old chorio-allantoic membranes and chicken embryos. A Normal cuboidal epithelium (arrowhead) of the chorion and flattened epithelium (arrow) of the allantois. B, C Intense matrixprotein immunoreactivity confined to allantoic epithelium (arrow). D, E Nasal cavity and a section of the eye in the left upper corner. F Necrotizing rhinitis with marked luminal accumulation of matrixprotein positive debris in the rostral (arrowhead) and caudal nasal chamber as well as immunoreactive squamous epithelium of the tongue (star); Inset: The lumen of the nasal cavity is filled by epithelial debris and remaining respiratory epithelium is either flattened or shows signs of nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis. G, H Lung with non-altered parabronchi. I Necrotizing (para-) bronchiolointerstitial pneumonia; Inset: intense matrixprotein positive parabronchiolar epithelium and debris. J, K Air sac membrane lined by simple squamous epithelium. L Necrotizing airsacculitis with many degenerating and strong matrixprotein positive epithelial cells. (M, N). Epidermal squamous epithelium and few follicle buds. (O) Intensely matrixprotein positive squamous and partially degenerating epithelium (arrow). AIV-matrixprotein immunohistochemistry, avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazol as chromogen and hematoxylin counterstain. Bars; A–C, J–L, Inset F, I = 20 µm; D–F = 500 µm; G–I, M–O = 100 µm.