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. 2020 Mar 30;20:72. doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-00948-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Bias in estimation of β₂ after MI with a correctly specified imputation model. Missing data were generated completely at random (MCAR) at a rate of 15% or 40% (π=0.85 in red or π=0.60 in green, respectively). From top to bottom, results are presented in increasing order of cluster sizes m within an increasing order of number of clusters k. Filled circles indicate PMM methods while open circles indicate parametric (NORM) methods