Table 2.
Characteristics of the included systematic reviews.
| Author (Year) | Population/stage | Number of included studies∗ | Interventions | Outcome | Meta-analysis | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bowler et al. 2010 [44] | All ages | 11studies (6 crossover trial, 1 observational study, 4 pretest-posttest comparison groups-randomised) | Exposure to natural environments: (i) Public parks (ii) Green university campuses |
Well-being (i) Anger (ii) Fatigue (iii) Sadness (iv) Anxiety (v) Anger |
Yes | Methodology quality checklist was devised by the authors |
| Friesinger et al. 2019 [43] | People with mental health problems | 11 studies (6 cross-sectional, 1 longitudinal, 1mixed-method, 1participant observation-free analysis, 1 interview content analysis, and 1 photo-elicitation and interviews) | Housing type | Well-being | No | Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2017) |
| Gascon et al.2015 [45] | General population—all ages | 28 studies (21 cross-sectional, 6 longitudinal, and 1 ecological study) | Residential green and blue spaces | Mental health | No | Quality score was based on 11 different items |
| Gascon et al.2017 [46] | General population—all ages | 12 studies (7 cross-sectional, 4 longitudinal, and 1 pre/postobservational study) | Outdoor blue spaces | Mental health and well-being | No | Quality score was based on 11 different items |
| Gong et al 2016 [47] | General population—all ages | 11 studies (11 cross-sectional) | Urban environment: (i) Architectural design (ii) Land use (iii) Walkability, connectivity, and accessibility (iv) Neighborhood and housing quality |
Psychological distress (i) Depression (ii) Anxiety |
No | Critical appraisal proforma developed and validated by the Health Evidence Bulletin Wales project |
| Ige et al.2018 [48] | General population—all ages | 6 studies (1 randomised controlled trial, 1 quasiexperimental study, 1 before-and-after studies, 2 longitudinal, and 1 case-control) | Buildings: (i) Quality of housing (thermal and ventilation) (ii) Housing affordability/access to affordable homes or social housing |
(i) Mental health (ii) Well-being |
No | Quality assessment tool developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) |
| Moore et al.2018 [49] | General population in high-income countries | 10 studies (5 longitudinal and 5 cross-sectional) | Built environment: (i) Transport infrastructure modifications (ii) Improving green infrastructure (iii) Urban regeneration |
(i) Mental health (ii) Well-being |
No | Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2.0) and risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) |
| Rautio et al.2017 [15] | General population—all ages | 57 studies (1 controlled trial, 40 cross-sectional, 9 longitudinal, 1 multicohort, 1 ecologic design, and five cross-sectional and longitudinal) | Living environment: (i) House and built environment (ii) Green spaces (iii) Noise and air pollution |
Depression | No | Downs and Black checklist modified by the authors |
| Turley et al.2013 [50] | Slums—adults/children | 1 study (1 controlled study with only postintervention data) | Cement floors (Piso Firme) | (i) Depression (ii) Stress |
No | NICE/GATE tool |
| van den Berg et al.2015 [51] | General population—adults | 19 studies (15 cross-sectional and 4 longitudinal) | Green spaces: (i) Amount of green space around the residence in circular buffer (ii) Amount of green space in small area/neighborhood (iii) Presence/number of green spaces within distance (iv) Having a garden (v) Distance to nearest green space (vi) Amount of green space around the residence in circular buffer |
Mental health | No | Methodological quality criteria list |
| Zhang et al. 2017 [52] | People with mobility impairments | 12 studies (2 cross-sectional analytical, 2 randomized controlled trials, 1 quantitative descriptive study, 1 nonrandomized controlled trial, 4 phenomenology, and 2 qualitative description) | Health-promoting nature access: (i) Surrounding nature of nursing homes (ii) Green environment near retirement homes (iii) Outdoor blue and green spaces |
Mental health | No | Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) |
∗Articles included in the RS with the outcome mental health.