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. 2018 Aug 22;11(5):395–407. doi: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy045

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© The Author(s) (2018). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, IBCB, SIBS, CAS. All rights reserved.

This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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ADP-mediated antiviral activities are dependent on EPAC1. (A) HeLa cells were treated or not with H89 (10 μM) for 1 h before being treated with ADP (100 μM) for 6 h and then infected with VSV (MOI = 0.01) for 12 h. VSV RNA replicates were detected by Q-PCR. (B) HeLa cells were treated or not with H89 (10 μM) for 1 h before being treated with ADP (100 μM) for 6 h and then infected with HSV-1 (MOI = 0.01) for 16 h. HSV-1 RNA replicates were detected by Q-PCR. (C) HeLa cells were pretreated or not with ESI-09 (10 μM) for 1 h before being exposed to ADP (100 μM) for 6 h. The cells were then infected with VSV (MOI = 0.01) for 12 h and VSV RNA replicates were detected by Q-PCR. (D and E) HeLa cells were pretreated or not with ESI-09 (10 μM) for 1 h before being exposed to ADP (100 μM) for 6 h. The cells were then infected with HSV-1 (MOI = 0.01) or NDV (MOI = 0.01) for 16 h and viral RNA replicates were detected by Q-PCR. (F) RAW264.6 cells were treated or not with ESI-09 (10 μM) for 1 h before being exposed to ADP (100 μM) for 6 h. The cells were then infected with HSV-1 (MOI = 0.01) for 16 h, and HSV-1 RNA replicates were detected by Q-PCR. (G) HeLa cells were pretreated or not with ESI-09 (10 μM) for 1 h before being exposed to ADP (100 μM) for 6 h. The cells were then infected with VSV (MOI = 0.01) for 12 h and VSV-G protein levels were detected by western blotting. (H) EPAC1^+/+ and EPAC1^−/− HeLa cells were exposed to VSV (MOI = 0.01) for 12 h, and the expression of EPAC1 was detected by western blotting. (I) EPAC1^+/+ and EPAC1^−/− HeLa cells were treated with ADP (100 μM) for 6 h and then infected with VSV (MOI = 0.01) for 12 h. VSV RNA replicates were detected by Q-PCR. (J) EPAC1^+/+ and EPAC1^−/− HeLa cells were treated with ADP (100 μM) for 6 h and infected with VSV (MOI = 0.01) for 12 h. VSV-G protein levels were detected by western blotting. Data are shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant.