Table 1.

Synonymous Substitution Rates for RNA Viruses.

Virus Species	Synonymous Substitution Rate	Natural Host (Transmission Mode)	Acute Infection	Persistent Infection	Latent Infection
Positive Stranded ss RNA Viruses
Astroviridae
Astrovirus
Human astrovirus	1.03 × 10−2, (0.82–1.20) × 10−2	Human (fecal-oral route)	○	○
Caliciviridae
Lagovirus
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus	8.28 × 10−3, (8.20–8.35) × 10−3	Rabbit (contagious infection)	○
Norovirus
Human calicivirus	3.82 × 10−3, (3.81–3.82) × 10−3	Human (fecal-oral route)	○
Vesivirus
Feline calicivirus	4.64 × 10−3, (4.63–4.65) × 10−3	Cat (contagious infection)	○	○
Unclassified genus
Hepatitis E virus	5.23 × 10−3, (4.66–5.96) × 10−3	Human (fecal-oral route)	○	○
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus
Dengue virus	2.42 × 10−3, (2.40–2.44) × 10−3	Human, (monkey via vector [mosquito])	○
Yellow fever virus	1.19 × 10−3, (1.14–1.25) × 10−3	Monkey (via vector [mosquito])	○
Japanese encephalitis virus	6.31 × 10−4, (6.24–6.38) × 10−4	Pig (via vector [mosquito])		○
Tick-borne encephalitis virus	4.91 × 10−4, (2.93–15.31) × 10−4	Rodents (via vector [tick])		○
Pestivirus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus	2.34 × 10−3, (2.33–2.34) × 10−3	Cattle (aerosol infection)		○
Hepacivirus
Hepatitis C virus	7.51 × 10−4, (7.37–7.66) × 10−4	Human (via blood)		○
Unclassified genus
GB virus C/hepatitis G virus	1.35 × 10−7, (1.20–1.70) × 10−7	Human (via blood)			○
Picornaviridae
Apthovirus
Foot-and-mouth disease virus	8.29 × 10−3, (8.19–8.39) × 10−3	Ruminant (aerosol infection)	○	○