Table 2.
Synonymous Substitution Rates for RNA Viruses.
| Virus Species | Synonymous Substitution Rate | Natural Host Transmission Mode | Acute Infection | Persistent Infection | Latent Infection | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterovirus | ||||||||||||||
| Human enterovirus A | 1.00 × 10−2, (0.99–2.01) × 10−2 | Human fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Human enterovirus B | 3.65 × 10−3, (3.60–7.82) × 10−3 | Human fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Human poliovirus | 2.56 × 10−2, (2.56–2.57) × 10−2 | Human fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Swine vesicular disease virus | 2.95 × 10−3, (2.85–8.65) × 10−3 | Pig fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Hepatovirus | ||||||||||||||
| Human hepatitis A virus | 1.30 × 10−3, (1.27–1.33) × 10−3 | Human fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Togaviridae | ||||||||||||||
| Alphavirus | ||||||||||||||
| Eastern equine encephalitis virus | 3.25 × 10−4, (3.03–3.51) × 10−4 | Birds via vector (tick) | ||||||||||||
| Rubivirus | ||||||||||||||
| Rubella virus | 2.64 × 10−3, (2.63–2.65) × 10−3 | Human aerosol infection | ||||||||||||
| Coronaviridae | ||||||||||||||
| Coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
| Bovine coronavirus | 1.20 × 10−3, (1.13–1.43) × 10−3 | Cattle aerosol infection | ||||||||||||
| Arteriviridae | ||||||||||||||
| Arterivirus | ||||||||||||||
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | 6.21 × 10−2, (6.01–7.81) × 10−2 | Pig aerosol infection | ||||||||||||
| Equine arteritis virus | 5.20 × 10−3, (4.80–7.20) × 10−3 | Horse aerosol infection | ||||||||||||
| Negative stranded ss RNA viruses | ||||||||||||||
| Arenaviridae | ||||||||||||||
| Arenavirus | ||||||||||||||
| Junin virus* | 5.06 × 10−3, (5.02–5.10) × 10−3 | Rodents fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Bunyaviridae | ||||||||||||||
| Hantavirus | ||||||||||||||
| Puumala virus | 5.21 × 10−5, (5.19–7.30) × 10−5 | Rodents fecal-oral route | ||||||||||||
| Nairovirus | ||||||||||||||
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus | 1.23 × 10−3, (1.23–1.24) × 10−3 | Human via vector (tick) | ||||||||||||
* Junin virus induces a latent infection in rodents. However, the virus does not induce such the infection mode in human. In fact, the data used here were the data of the virus strains isolated from human. Therefore, the infectious mode was used for human.