Table 3.

Synonymous Substitution Rates for RNA Viruses.

Virus Species	Synonymous Substitution Rate	Natural Host (Transmission Mode)	Acute Infection	Persistent Infection	Latent Infection
Orthobunyavirus
Cache Valley virus	8.45 × 10−4, (8.42–8.48) × 10−4	Sheep, cattle, deer (via vector [mosquito])	○
Phlebovirus
Rift Valley fever virus	5.90 × 10−4, (3.89–12.22) × 10−4	Cattle (via vector [mosquito])	○
Paramyxoviridae
Pneumovirus
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus	2.17 × 10−3, (2.12–2.22) × 10−3	Cattle (aerosol infection)	○
Metapneumovirus
Human metapneumovirus	2.43 × 10−3, (2.24–2.65) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)	○
Morbillivirus
Canine distemper virus	2.12 × 10−3, (2.08–2.16) × 10−3	Dog (aerosol infection)	○	○
Measles virus	2.12 × 10−3, (2.11–2.13) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)	○	○
Respirovirus
Humanparainfluenza virus	1.60 × 10−3, (1.44–1.79) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)
Rubulavirus
Mumps virus	2.11 × 10−3, (2.11–2.12) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)	○
Newcastle disease virus	2.54 × 10−3, (2.37–2.73) × 10−3	Bird (aerosol infection)	○
Rhabdoviridae
Ephemerovirus
Bovine ephemeral fever virus	2.23 × 10−3, (2.22–2.23) × 10−3	Cattle (via vector [mosquito])	○
Lyssavirus
Rabies virus	1.28 × 10−3, (1.27–1.28) × 10−3	Mammal (via a bite)	○
Vesiculovirus
Vesicular stomatitis virus	7.20 × 10−5, (7.10–7.30) × 10−5	Ruminant, human (via vector [fly])		○
Unclassified family
Deltavirus
Hepatitis D virus	5.80 × 10−5, (3.92–11.51) × 10−5	Human (via blood)			○