Table 4.

Synonymous Substitution Rates for RNA Viruses.

Virus Species	Synonymous Substitution Rate	Natural Host (Transmission Mode)	Acute Infection	Persistent Infection	Latent Infection
Filoviridae
Filovirus
Ebola-like viruses	1.54 × 10−4, (1.50–1.58) × 10−4	Monkey (via blood)		○
Orthomyxoviridae
Influenza A virus
Human Influenza virus A	6.84 × 10−3, (6.83–6.84) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)	○
Influenza B virus
Human influenza virus B	2.30 × 10−3, (2.29–2.31) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)	○
Influenza C virus
Human influenza virus C	1.27 × 10−3, (1.27–1.28) × 10−3	Human (aerosol infection)	○
ds RNA viruses
Reoviridae
Reovirus
Human rota virus	1.93 × 10−3, (1.92–1.94) × 10−3	Human (fecal-oral route)	○
Orthoreo
Mamalian orthoreo virus	8.42 × 10−4, (5.36–19.61) × 10−4	Human (fecal-oral route)	○
Orbivirus
Bluetongue virus	4.22 × 10−4, (3.74–4.96) × 10−4	Ruminant (via vector [mosquito])		○
Reverse Transcribing viruses
Retroviridae
Spumavirus
Simian foamy virus	2.9 × 10−5, (2.71–3.21) × 10−5	Monkey (via blood)			○
Lentivirus
Human immunodeficiency virus	2.38 × 10−3, (2.38–2.38) × 10−3	Human (via blood)		○
Deltaretrovirus
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1	10−6 × (4.60–5.90), 5.2 × 10−6	Human (via blood)			○