Table 1.
Pneumocystis jirovecii detection on nasopharyngeal aspirate samples in non-immunosuppressed infants at risk for Pneumocystis primary infection: results and infants’ characteristics.
| No. of positive infants (n = 35) | No. of negative infants (n = 157) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex ratio, M/F | 21/14 | 100/57 | .70 (κ2 test) | |
| Median age (IQR) (days) | 114 (75–173) | 44 (22–192) | <.001 (Mann-Whitney test) | |
| Birth term | Term birth | 25 (71.4%) | 84 (53.5%) | .068 (Fisher exact test) |
| Moderate to late preterma1 | 7 (20%) | 25 (15.9%) | ||
| Very preterma2 | 1 (2.9%) | 25 (15.9%) | ||
| Extremely preterma3 | 2 (5.7%) | 21 (13.4%) | ||
| Underlying diseases | Congenital diseasesb | 12 (34.3%) | 24 (15.3%) | .009 (Fisher exact test) |
| Hyaline membrane disease and/or bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 4 (11.4%) | 52 (33.1%) | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | 0 | 1 (0.6%) | ||
| Absence of underlying diseases | 19 (54.3%) | 85 (54.1%) | ||
| Hospital discharge after birth c | No | 2 (5.7%) | 55 (35. %) | <.001 (Fisher exact test) |
| Yes | 33 (94.3%) | 100 (63.7%) | ||
| Unknown data | 0 | 2 (1.3%) | ||
| Clinical presentation | Upper respiratory tract infection | 4 (11.4%) | 15 (9.6%) | .079 (Fisher exact test) |
| Lower respiratory tract infection | 22 (62.9%) | 68 (43.3%) | ||
| Absence of respiratory symptomsd | 9 (25.7%) | 70 (44.6%) | ||
| Unknown data | 0 | 4 (2.5) | ||
| Pathogens e | Virusf | 21 (60%) | 63 (40.1%) | .06 (κ2 test) |
| Bacteriag | 7 (20%) | 22 (14%) | ||
| Absence | 11 (31.4%) | 82 (52.2%) |
IQR, interquartile range; F, female; M, male
a P. jirovecii was detected in 10 preterm infants (weeks of amenorrhea, a1 32 -35, a2 28–32, a3 < 28);
bIntrauterine growth restriction (17), unlabeled malformation syndrome (11), Tetralogy of Fallot (3), CHARGE syndrome (coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies/deafness) (2), Pierre Robin syndrome (2), spinal muscular atrophy (1), central hypoventilation syndrome (1), VACTERL association (1), Down syndrome (1), unbalanced t(8, 20) (1), Menkes disease (1).
c P. jirovecii was detected in only 2 out of 57 infants who had been hospitalized since birth whereas it was mostly detected in infants who were discharged after birth (33 out of the 133 infants); indeed, some newborns and infants were hospitalized after birth and discharge of their mothers;
dInfants who presented fever in absence of overt respiratory symptoms,
e P. jirovecii was detected in a context of co-infections with viruses and/or bacteria in 28 infants whereas it was detected alone in 11 infants.
fRhinovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza 3 virus, Metapneumovirus, Influenza A virus, Influenza B virus, Enterovirus, Coronavirus, Cytomegalovirus, Adenovirus, Bocavirus, Parechovirus.
g Branhamella catarrhalis, Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae