Table 4.

Common infective causes of respiratory symptoms in patients with hematology malignancy categorised by immune defect.

Immune defect and common associations	Common pathogens
Neutropenia / functional neutrophil defects:LeukemiaAplastic anemia / bone marrow infiltrationsHSCTChemotherapy	Bacterial pneumoniaAspergillus spp.Other filamentous fungiInvasive candidiasis
Impaired T-cell functionHSCTImmunosuppressive therapiesLymphoma	P. jiroveciiRespiratory virusesCytomegalovirusOther herpesvirusesMycobacteriaNocardia
Immunoglobulin deficiency (mainly IgG)CLLMyelomaHSCTB-cell depletion therapies	Bacterial pneumoniaBacterial exacerbations of bronchiectasisRespiratory viruses
Prolonged high dose corticosteroids	P. jiroveciiAspergillus spp.Respiratory virusesCytomegalovirusMycobacteriaBacterial pneumonia
Kinase inhibitorsJAK inhibitors (e.g., Ruxolitinib)BCR pathway inhibitors (e.g., Ibrutinib)	Aspergillus spp.P. jiroveciiBacterial pneumoniaAspergillus spp.P. jirovecii