Table 3.

Influence of different variables and treatments on circulating ACE2 and ACE activities in each studied group

	Circulating ACE2 activity (RFU/µL/h) ± SEM			Circulating ACE activity (RFU/µL) ± SEM
	Clinical variables
	CONT	CKD3-5	CKD5D	CONT	CKD3-5	CKD5D
Gender
Male	61.4 ± 2.26	50.6 ± 1.53	45.6 ± 2.45	3541.2 ± 94.8	4032.8 ± 71.8	4574.9 ± 109.9
Female	42.5 ± 1.61*	36.7 ± 1.47*	27.7 ± 1.37*	4144.1 ± 106.9*	4426.9 ± 98.6*	4270.0 ± 141.8
Diabetes
No	51.8 ± 1.59	43.4 ± 1.35	37.1 ± 1.43	3766.5 ± 75.4	4103.5 ± 66.7	4459.7 ± 97.2
Yes	62.0 ± 4.30*	50.3 ± 1.97*	45.0 ± 6.06	4127.7 ± 230.3	4378.0 ± 117.7	4431.1 ± 196.3
Hypertension
No	47.2 ± 1.30	43.2 ± 2.87	36.7 ± 4.05	3825.9 ± 89.6	4669.2 ± 189.6	14666.3 ± 188.5
Yes	62.0 ± 3.18*	45.6 ± 1.20	38.8 ± 1.76	3782.5 ± 120.5	4130.8 ± 61.2*	4418.1 ± 96.8
Dyslipidemia
No	49.5 ± 1.61	43.6 ± 1.55	33.9 ± 1.30	3806.3 ± 90.0	4404.8 ± 105.8	4369.9 ± 118.1
Yes	59.0 ± 2.97*	46.2 ± 1.47	42.7 ± 2.83*	3814.1 ± 120.1	4080.2 ± 69.8*	4531.4 ± 127.0
Smoking
No	51.7 ± 1.49	44.5 ± 1.19	38.0 ± 1.74	3817.8 ± 80.7	4229.4 ± 65.2	4414.2 ± 94.4
Yes	57.8 ± 4.40	49.4 ± 2.96*	40.5 ± 4.02	3775.8 ± 159.7	3976.7 ± 130.5	4599.4 ± 212.3
Plaques
Absence	48.9 ± 2.29	39.7 ± 1.89	31.2 ± 1.70	3995.0 ± 106.0	4159.6 ± 99.9	4310.2 ± 157.8
Presence	56.7 ± 1.94*	48.0 ± 1.38*	41.8 ± 2.19*	3638.5 ± 97.0*	4191.7 ± 71.8	4518.1 ± 104.4
	Treatments
ACEi
No	52.5 ± 1.59	46.2 ± 1.48	38.9 ± 1.92	3908.4 ± 75.5	4993.8 ± 70.3	4945.9 ± 87.5
Yes	57.4 ± 4.33	44.0 ± 1.65	37.2 ± 2.38	2889.8 ± 203.0*	2694.7 ± 64.6*	2410.6 ± 145.4*
ARB
No	49.7 ± 1.27	43.7 ± 1.49	37.7 ± 2.17	3719.6 ± 80.3	3729.7 ± 85.2	4367.3 ± 102.4
Yes	64.2 ± 4.89*	46.7 ± 1.62	40.3 ± 1.99*	4116.3 ± 158.3*	4535.1 ± 77.8*	4647.1 ± 163.8
Oral antidiabetic drugs
No	51.9 ± 1.51	44.2 ± 1.19	38.6 ± 1.64	3795.0 ± 75.2	4165.4 ± 61.9	4464.7 ± 88.1
Yes	63.1 ± 4.89*	54.6 ± 3.31*	35.1 ± 5.86	3937.7 ± 245.2	4307.7 ± 175.2	3954.3 ± 582.9
Insulin
No	52.9 ± 1.5	44.7 ± 1.26	37.3 ± 1.49	3805.3 ± 72.1	4112.8 ± 61.6	4470.8 ± 94.4
Yes	59.6 ± 11.85	48.9 ± 2.17*	45.5 ± 6.84	4087.1 ± 848.3	4549.9 ± 168.3	4356.9 ± 227.5
Cholecalciferol
No	53.0 ± 1.50	45.6 ± 1.15	39.0 ± 1.66	3805.0 ± 72.0	4214.4 ± 59.7	4492.7 ± 88.3
Yes	56.9 ± 0.00	37.9 ± 4.51	25.0 ± 3.94*	6215.3 ± 0.00	3211.4 ± 229.2*	3250.6 ± 438.7*

CONT, control patients; CKD3-5, non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3–5; CKD5D, dialysis patients; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers.

*P < 0.05 (no versus yes, male versus female and absence versus presence).