Table 2.

Rare and Emerging Infections in the Transplant Population: Single Cases Reported

Species	Virus Family	Transplant	Clinical Manifestations	Comments
APMV-1	Paramyxoviridae	HSCT	Fatal pneumonia; no other pathogens identified	Known pathogen in birds; tested in virotherapy for certain malignancies
Chikungunya	Togaviridae	SOT	Fever, headache, abdominal pain; no arthritis or arthralgia; recovered fully	Identified in 4 corneal grafts during Reunion outbreak, no transplant cases reported
Monkeypox	Poxviridae	HSCT	Fever and headache followed by characteristic rash (similar to smallpox)	Clinical course not reported as severe; patient recovered, though full details not reported
Usutu virus	Flaviviridae	SOT	Fever and headache; recovered but required prolonged rehabilitation	Viremic prior to developing liver failure and receiving liver transplant
Hantavirus	Bunyaviridae	SOT	Fever, headache, arthralgia, oliguric renal failure	Dobrava-Belgrade virus isolated (mild HFRS), no cases of HPS reported
CCHF	Bunyaviridae	SOT	Fatal hemorrhagic fever; diarrhea, vomiting, acute renal failure, multisystem organ failure	Liver transplant recipient, result of occupational exposure (surgeon)

Abbreviations: APMV-1, avian paramyxovirus 1; CCHF, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; HPS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; SOT, solid organ transplant.