Table 1.
Comparison of Various Characteristics on Admission
| Characteristic | Cases (n = 17) | Controls (n = 82) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Male sex | 11 (65) | 46 (36) | 1.43 | .48–4.25 | .596 |
| Age, y, median (range) | 62 (14–87) | 59 (5–92) | n/a | n/a | .553 |
| Weight, kg, mean (SD) | 82.25 (14.4) | 71.84 (23.7) | n/a | n/a | .085 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 32.02 (6.78) | 27.78 (7.6) | n/a | n/a | .036 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | 13 (87) | 35 (47) | 7.24 | 1.53–34.37* | .015 |
| Cardiac disease | 8 (53) | 32 (42) | 1.57 | .52–4.78 | .423 |
| Pulmonary disease (any) | 6 (40) | 30 (40) | 0.98 | .32–3.03 | .96 |
| Constructive pulmonary disease | 4 (27) | 13 (18) | 1.62 | .45–5.91 | .46 |
| Congestive heart failure | 3 (20) | 18 (24) | 0.79 | .20–3.12 | .73 |
| End-stage renal disease (on dialysis) | 5 (33) | 5 (7) | 7 | 1.72–28.55* | .012 |
| Cancer | 1 (7) | 11 (15) | 0.41 | .05–3.43 | .11 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Onset to admission, d, median (range) | 3 (0–45) | 3 (0–69) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Fever | 6 (40) | 47 (63) | 0.4 | .13–1.23 | .1 |
| Shivering | 1 (7) | 10 (17) | 0.34 | .04–2.85 | .29 |
| Dyspnea | 10 (67) | 55 (75) | 0.65 | .20–2.17 | .75 |
| Chest pain | 1 (7) | 22 (32) | 0.16 | .02–1.31 | .056 |
| Wheezing | 2 (14) | 11 (17) | 0.82 | .16–4.18 | .809 |
| Cough | 12 (86) | 57 (77) | 1.79 | .36–8.79 | .469 |
| Hemoptysis | 1 (7) | 3 (5) | 1.45 | .14–15.03 | .753 |
| Sore throat | 1 (7) | 8 (13) | 0.46 | .05–4.03 | .477 |
| Headache | 1 (7) | 2 (3) | 1.96 | .17–23.25 | .586 |
| Myalgias | 1 (7) | 11 (19) | 0.31 | .04–2.63 | .261 |
| Vomiting | 1 (7) | 3 (4) | 1.55 | .15–16.00 | .712 |
| Diarrhea | 1 (7) | 4 (6) | 1.14 | .12–11.02 | .908 |
| Tachypnea | 4 (27) | 45 (60) | 0.24 | .07–.83* | .031 |
| Respiratory distress | 2 (15) | 38 (51) | 0.15 | .03–.69* | .012 |
| Hypoxia, oxygen saturation <95% | 4 (27) | 35 (47) | 0.42 | .12–1.42 | .059 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Leukocytosis | 2 (12) | 34 (42) | 0.18 | .04–.86* | .025 |
| Normal white blood cell count | 14 (82) | 42 (52) | 4.33 | 1.16–16.24* | .029 |
| Lymphopenia | 6 (35) | 14 (17) | 2.57 | .81–8.12 | .103 |
| Elevated ALT | 3 (18) | 7 (8) | 3.61 | .75–17.24 | .107 |
| Elevated AST | 9 (53) | 26 (32) | 2.31 | .73–7.25 | .152 |
| Elevated LDH | 8 (47) | 24 (29) | 1.95 | .63–6.06 | .247 |
| Chest radiography findings | |||||
| Single infiltrate | 6 (40) | 27 (35) | 1.21 | .39–3.76 | .79 |
| Multiple infiltrates | 9 (60) | 34 (45) | 1.85 | .60–5.72 | .495 |
| Interstitial infiltrate | 10 (67) | 15 (20) | 8.13 | 2.42–27.36* | .001 |
| Cardiomegaly | 8 (53) | 16 (21) | 4.29 | 1.35–13.60* | .025 |
| Treatment received | |||||
| Admitted to ICU | 8 (53) | 15 (20) | 4.65 | 1.46–14.84* | .025 |
Data are No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval: ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; n/a, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.
*Represents significant variables.