Table 1.
Description of Study Populations by Country and Group (N = 1758)
| Characteristic | Cambodia | China | Haiti | India (Lucknow) | India (Pune) | Madagascar | Mali | Mongolia | Paraguay | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | ||
| No. of children | 176 | 95 | 39 | 138 | 101 | 122 | 96 | 96 | 71 | 70 | 80 | 60 | 118 | 93 | 108 | 93 | 99 | 100 | |
| Date of inclusion, median | 30/01/11 | 24/01/11 | 20/12/11 | 05/07/11 | 22/04/13 | 12/06/13 | 07/02/13 | 19/02/13 | 10/04/13 | 26/06/13 | 20/09/11 | 03/04/12 | 14/11/12 | 10/11/11 | 09/03/12 | 28/03/12 | 25/11/11 | 22/11/11 | |
| Minimum | 21/10/10 | 3/11/10 | 17/02/11 | 04/08/10 | 24/04/12 | 26/04/12 | 07/08/12 | 07/08/12 | 23/06/12 | 25/06/12 | 17/01/11 | 29/12/10 | 04/07/11 | 11/07/11 | 22/09/11 | 07/10/11 | 18/05/10 | 14/09/10 | |
| Maximum | 02/01/13 | 21/3/11 | 15/08/12 | 14/12/12 | 06/11/13 | 24/10/13 | 06/12/13 | 13/08/13 | 05/03/14 | 03/06/14 | 15/02/13 | 13/08/13 | 20/12/11 | 27/12/12 | 25/10/12 | 30/10/12 | 20/05/13 | 27/05/13 | |
| Categorical variables, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sex, male | 110 (62.5) | 41 (43.1) | 28 (71.8) | 82 (59.4) | 58 (57.4) | 68 (55.7) | 63 (65.6) | 57 (59.4) | 42 (59.1) | 43 (61.4) | 43 (53.7) | 38 (63.3) | 61 (51.7) | 57 (61.3) | 66 (61.1) | 55 (59.1) | 56 (56.6) | 56 (56.0) | |
| Age category | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2–11 mo | 70 (39.8) | 32 (33.3) | 17 (43.6) | 20 (14.6) | 41 (40.6) | 44 (36.1) | 33 (34.4) | 27 (38.0) | 27 (38.0) | 28 (40.0) | 23 (28.7) | 27 (43.5) | 56 (47.5) | 51 (54.8) | 27 (25.0) | 24 (25.8) | 39 (39.4) | 37 (37.0) | |
| 12–23 mo | 63 (35.8) | 31 (32.3) | 8 (20.5) | 26 (18.9) | 30 (29.7) | 40 (32.8) | 15 (15.6) | 24 (33.8) | 24 (33.8) | 22 (31.4) | 26 (32.5) | 18 (29.0) | 22 (18.6) | 19 (20.4) | 36 (33.3) | 33 (35.5) | 32 (32.3) | 37 (37.0) | |
| 24–60 mo | 43 (24.4) | 33 (34.4) | 14 (35.9) | 91 (66.4) | 30 (29.7) | 38 (31.1) | 48 (50.0) | 20 (28.2) | 20 (28.2) | 20 (28.6) | 31 (38.7) | 17 (27.4) | 40 (33.9) | 23 (24.7) | 45 (41.7) | 36 (38.7) | 28 (28.3) | 26 (26.0) | |
| Quarter | |||||||||||||||||||
| January–March | 45 (25.6) | 69 (71.9) | 18 (46.1) | 19 (13.8) | 9 (9.0) | 23 (24.0) | 23 (24.0) | 19 (19.8) | 11 (15.5) | 10 (14.3) | 28 (35.0) | 16 (26.3) | 28 (23.7) | 9 (9.7) | 30 (27.8) | 24 (25.8) | 10 (10.1) | 10 (10.1) | |
| April–June | 25 (14.2) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.6) | 29 (21.0) | 42 (42.0) | 22 (22.9) | 22 (22.9) | 25 (26.0) | 6 (8.4) | 8 (11.4) | 11 (13.7) | 21 (34.4) | 12 (10.2) | 9 (9.7) | 21 (19.4) | 20 (21.5) | 31 (31.3) | 31 (31.3) | |
| July–September | 4 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.3) | 46 (33.3) | 20 (20.0) | 24 (25.0) | 24 (25.0) | 26 (27.1) | 34 (47.9) | 36 (51.4) | 25 (31.2) | 16 (26.3) | 55 (46.6) | 20 (21.5) | 21 (19.4) | 19 (20.4) | 34 (34.3) | 28 (28.3) | |
| October–December | 102 57.9) | 27 (28.1) | 7 (18·0) | 44 (31.9) | 29 (29.0) | 27 (28.1) | 27 (28.1) | 26 (27.1) | 20 (28.2) | 16 (22.9) | 16 (20.0) | 8 (13.1) | 23 (19.5) | 55 (59.1) | 36 (33.3) | 30 (32.3) | 24 (24.2) | 30 (30.3) | |
| HIV+ | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0·0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (6.0) | 8 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.9) | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Heart disease | 4 (2.3) | … | 3 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (8.1) | 9 (9.5) | |
| Weight-for-height z score ≤2 SD | 34 (21.4) | 10 (10.9) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (4.4) | 35 (34.6) | 22 (18.2) | … | 39 (40.6) | 30 (42.2) | 12 (17.1) | 37 (46.2) | 24 (40.7) | 41 (34.7) | 41 (44.1) | 3 (2.8) | 2 0.1) | 17 (17.2) | 5 (6.8) | |
| Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine | … | … | … | … | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (28.1) | 1/47 (2.1) | 0/49 (0.0) | 3/73 (4.1) | 2/52 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 16/71 (22.5) | 22/79 (27.8) | |
| DPT-HBV-Hib vaccine, 1 dose | … | … | … | … | 66/70 (94.3) | 99/101 (98.0) | 2 (2.1) | 48 (50.0) | 59 (83.1) | 61 (87.1) | 69/72 (95.8) | 53/53 (100) | 102 (86.4) | 80 (86.0) | 107 99.1) | 92 (98.9) | 65/66 (98.5) | 82/86 (95.3) | |
| DPT-HBV-Hib vaccine, 3 doses | … | … | … | … | 44/64 (68.7) | 80/101 (79.2) | 2 (2.1) | 23 (24.0) | 47 (66.2) | 52 (74.3) | 64/71 (90.1) | 48/53 (90.6) | 81 (68.6) | 69 (74.2) | 103 (95.4) | 92 (9.9) | 51/52 (98.1) | 60/83 (72.3) | |
| Influenza vaccine | … | … | … | … | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0/73 (0.0) | 1/48 (2.1) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19/63 (30.2) | 29/71 (40.8) | |
| Continuous variables, mean (SD) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Age, mo | 16.9 (11.3) | 22.4 (17.8) | 19.6 (17.0) | 29.8 (16.6) | 18.9 (13.6) | 20.0 (13.7) | 26.1 (19.7) | 27.4 (19.9) | 17.6 (12.2) | 19.2 (13.9) | 22.2 (14.6) | 17.1 (12.6) | 17.7 (14.7) | 14.8 (12.7) | 23.5 (14.6) | 22.9 (14.5) | 17.8 (13.1) | 16.9 (13.2) | |
| Weight-for-height z score | –1.1 (1.4) | –0.6 (1.6) | 0.1 (2.0) | 0.2 (1.5) | –1.6 (1.6) | –0.7 (1.6) | … | –2.0 (1.4) | –1.8 (1.5) | –0.8 (1.3) | –2.0 (1.4) | –1.8 (1.5) | –1.7 (1.7) | –2.0 (1.7) | 0.2 (1.0) | –1.0 (4.9) | –0.3 (1.8) | 0.0 (1.3) | |
Abbreviations: DPT-HBV-Hib, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis–hepatitis B virus–polio–Haemophilus influenzae type b; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.