Table 3.
Microbiological Findings for Respiratory Samples From Pneumonia Cases and Controls (N = 1758)
| Microorganism | Pneumonia Cases (n = 888) | Controls (n = 870) | aORa (95% CI), Not Adjusted for Other Microorganisms | aORb (95% CI), Adjusted for Other Microorganisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 605 (68.2) | 412 (47.5) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 2.6 (2.0–3.3) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 107 (12.1) | 148 (17.0) | 0.7 (.5–.9) | 0.8 (.5–1.1) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 47 (5.3) | 57 (6.6) | 1.2 (.7–1.8) | 1.1 (.7–1.9) |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 13 (1.5) | 6 (0.7) | 4.1 (1.4–11.9) | 9.2 (2.5–33.5) |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | 4 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 1.8 (.3–10.1) | 2.1 (.3–13.4) |
| Viruses | ||||
| hMPV | 76 (8.6) | 10 (1.1) | 7.0 (3.5–13.7) | 11.0 (5.4–22.3) |
| Coronavirus 63 | 10 (1.1) | 18 (2.1) | 0.6 (.3–1.3) | 1.0 (.4–2.5) |
| Coronavirus 229 | 7 (0.8) | 9 (1.0) | 0.8 (.3–2.2) | 0.7 (.2–2.4) |
| Coronavirus 43 | 20 (2.2) | 33 (3.8) | 0.7 (.4–1.3) | 0.7 (.4–1.4) |
| Coronavirus HKU | 23 (2.6) | 16 (1.9) | 1.4 (.7–2.7) | 1.7 (.8–3.5) |
| Adenovirus | 68 (7.7) | 65 (7.5) | 1.2 (.8–1.7) | 1.3 (.8–2.0) |
| Enterovirus | 42 (4.7) | 38 (4.4) | 1.1 (.7–1.8) | 1.5 (.8–2.5) |
| Parechovirus | 21 (2.4) | 13 (1.5) | 1.7 (.8–3.6) | 1.5 (.6–4.0) |
| Rhinovirus | 221 (24.9) | 188 (21.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) |
| RSV | 178 (20.0) | 34 (3.9) | 7.8 (5.1–11.7) | 11.7 (7.4–18.5) |
| PIV1 | 26 (2.9) | 9 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.7–8.4) | 7.5 (2.9–19.7) |
| PIV2 | 4 (0.4) | 5 (0.6) | 1.0 (.2–4.0) | 2.0 (.3–12.8) |
| PIV3 | 57 (6.4) | 18 (2.1) | 3.8 (2.2–6.7) | 6.7 (3.6–12.6) |
| PIV4 | 21 (2.4) | 12 (1.5) | 1.9 (.9–3.9) | 2.6 (1.1–6.0) |
| Influenza virus A | 59 (6.6) | 4 (0.5) | 17.2 (6.1–48.3) | 55.2 (7.4–411.3) |
| Influenza virus B | 26 (2.9) | 11 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.2–5.3) | 3.3 (1.5–7.3) |
| Influenza virus A/ H1N1 | 24 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | NE | NE |
| Bocavirus | 82 (9.2) | 104 (11.9) | 0.7 (.5–1.0) | 0.6 (.4–.9) |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; hMPV, human metapneumovirus; NE, not estimable; PIV, parainfluenza virus RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.
aAfter multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age category (2–11, 12–23, 24–60 months), time period (per quarter), and site.
bAfter multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age category (2–11, 12–23, 24–60 months), time period (per quarter), site, and other pathogens from respiratory sample.