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(A) Phage concentration of the influent; (B and C) phage concentration of the effluent of 0.22 μm and 0.1 μm membrane; (D and E) filtration resistance of 0.22 μm and 0.1 μm membrane; (a and b) operation stage with/without sludge discharge; (c and d) operation stage with membrane cleansed by tap water/chemical solutions (0.7% sodium hydroxide; 2% sodium hypochlorite; 12 h), respectively.
