Table 2.

Common causes of fever associated with geographical area of travel

Destination	Common	Occasional	Rare but important
Sub-Saharan Africa	Malaria, rickettsial infection (tick typhus)	Amoebic liver abscess, brucellosis, dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, enteric fever, Katayama fever, HIV seroconversion, meningococcus	Other arbovirus (West Nile, Rift Valley, yellow fever, etc.), histoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, VHF (Lassa, Ebola, Marburg, CCHF), visceral leishmaniasis
North Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean		Brucellosis, Q fever, Toscana (sandfly fever)	Visceral leishmaniasis, MERS-CoV
Eastern Europe and Scandinavia		Lyme disease	Hantavirus, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia
South and Central Asia	Dengue, enteric fever, malaria	Chikungunya, visceral leishmaniasis	CCHF, other arbovirus (Japanese encephalitis, Nipah), rickettsial infections
South-East Asia	Dengue, enteric fever, malaria	Chikungunya, Zika, leptospirosis	Other arbovirus (Japanese encephalitis, Nipah, Hantavirus), melioidosis, penicilliosis, rickettsial infection (scrub typhus)
North Australia		Dengue, Murray Valley fever, Q fever, rickettsial infection, Ross River fever	Other arbovirus (Barmah Forest), melioidosis
Latin America and Caribbean	Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, enteric fever, malaria	Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, leptospirosis	Acute Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), arboviruses (e.g. yellow fever), Hantavirus, paracoccidioidomycosis
North America		Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Arbovirus (Eastern and Western equine encephalitis, West Nile fever), babesiosis, ehrlichiosis

CCHF, Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; VHF, viral haemorrhagic fever.

Adapted from British Infection Society recommendations. See Johnston et al.²