Table 2.

Total annual fuel burned by aviation and emissions of H₂O, CO₂, NO_x, CO, HC, SO_x and soot (when available) provided by recent studies. Forecasts for 2020 and 2025 are also provided. Global emission data for 2008 and forecasts for 2025 were calculated starting from fuel data of Chèze et al. (2011) and emission indices of Lee et al. (2010). Kim et al. (2007) provided fuel burn and NO_x emission during LTO for the 2000–2005 period; LTO emissions of H₂O, CO₂ and SO₂ were calculated starting from fuel data of Kim et al. (2007) and emission indices of Lee et al. (2010). Note that all emissions calculated in this review are in italics.

Year	Fleeta	Fuel	H2O	CO2	NOxb	CO	HC	SOxc	Soot	Reference
		Tg							Mg
Global
1999	Scheduled air traffic which includes turboprops, passenger jets, and jet cargo aircraft	128	–	–	1.7	0.685	0.189	–	–	Sutkus et al. (2001)
2000	Scheduled and non-scheduled commercial aviation	214d	–	677	2.9	–	–	–	–	Owen et al. (2010)
2000	Civil and military aircraft Civil aircraft Military (difference)	169 152 44	– – –	– – –	2.15 1.95 0.2	– – –	– – –	– – –	– – –	Gauss et al. (2006) Gauss et al. (2006) Gauss et al. (2006)
	Commercial aviation	181	224	572	2.51	0.541	0.076	0.145	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2001	Commercial aviation	170	210	536	2.35	0.464	0.063	0.136	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2002	Commercial aviation	171	211	539	2.41	0.480	0.064	0.137	–	Kim et al. (2007)
	Civil aviation	156	193	492	2.06	0.507	0.063	–	3.9	Eyers et al. (2004)
	Military aviation	19.5	24.1	61	0.178	0.647	0.066	–	–	Eyers et al. (2004)
	Civil + Military aviation	176	217	553	2.24	1.150	0.129	–	>3.9	Eyers et al. (2004)
2003	Commercial aviation	176	218	557	2.49	0.486	0.062	0.141	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2004	Commercial aviation	188	233	594	2.69	0.511	0.063	0.151	–	Kim et al. (2007)
	Commercial aviatione	174	215	550	2.456	0.628	0.090f	0.102g	6.1	Wilkerson et al. (2010)
2005	Commercial aviation	203	251	641	2.9	0.554	0.065	0.163	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2006	Commercial aviation	188	233	595	2.656	0.679	0.098f	0.111h	6.8	Wilkerson et al. (2010)
2008	From ICAO commercial air carriers—traffic database	229	282	725	3.21	0.688	0.092	0.183	5.7	Fuel demand by Chèze et al. (2011)
Forecasted trend
2020	Scheduled and non-scheduled commercial aviation	336	–	1062	4	–	–	–	–	Owen et al. (2010)
2025	–	317	390	1001	4	0.951	0.127	0.253	7.9	Fuel demand forecast by Chèze et al. (2011)
Emission indices
EI	Mean emission indices	–	1230	3160	14	3	0.4	0.8	0.025	Lee et al. (2010)
LTO cycles
2000	Commercial aviation	12.9	15.9	40.8	0.197	–	–	0.010	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2001	Commercial aviation	12.3	15.1	38.9	0.191	–	–	0.010	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2002	Commercial aviation	12.2	15.0	38.6	0.194	–	–	0.010	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2003	Commercial aviation	12.4	15.3	39.2	0.199	–	–	0.010	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2004	Commercial aviation	12.9	15.9	40.8	0.21	–	–	0.010	–	Kim et al. (2007)
2005	Commercial aviation	13.9	17.1	43.9	0.227	–	–	0.011	–	Kim et al. (2007)

^aType of fleet, as specified in different estimates.

^bNO_x is expressed as NO₂ in Sutkus et al., 2001, Gauss et al., 2006 and Wilkerson et al. (2010).

^cSO_x expressed as SO₂.

^dNormalized to the IEA total aviation fuel sales figure (see Owen et al., 2010).

^eCorrected global fuel burn results (see Wilkerson et al., 2010).

^fHC expressed as CH₄.

^gExpressed as S–SO_x, assuming that 96.3% of the SO_x–S was partitioned to SO₂–S and 3.7% to S(VI)–S (particle).

^hExpressed as S–SO_x, assuming that 98% of the SO_x-S was partitioned to SO₂–S.