Table 1.

Common causes of fever associated with geographical area of travel

Destination	Common	Occasional	Rare but important
Sub-Saharan Africa	Malaria, rickettsial infection (tick typhus)	Amoebic liver abscess, brucellosis, dengue, enteric fever, Katayama fever, HIV seroconversion, meningococcus	Other arbovirus (West Nile, Rift Valley etc.), histoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, viral haemorrhagic fever (Lassa, Ebola, Marburg, CCHF), visceral leishmaniasis
North Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean		Brucellosis, Q fever, Toscana (sandfly fever)	Visceral leishmaniasis
Eastern Europe and Scandinavia		Lyme disease	Hantavirus, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia
South and central Asia	Dengue, enteric fever, malaria	Chikungunya, visceral leishmaniasis	CCHF, other arbovirus (Japanese encephalitis, Nipah), rickettsial infections
South East Asia	Dengue, enteric fever, malaria	Chikungunya, leptospirosis	Other arbovirus (Japanese encephalitis, Nipah, Hantavirus), melioidosis, penicilliosis, rickettsial infection (scrub typhus)
North Australia		Dengue, Murray Valley fever, Q fever, rickettsial infection, Ross river fever	Other arbovirus (Barmah forest), melioidosis
Latin America and Caribbean	Dengue, enteric fever, malaria	Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, leptospirosis	Acute Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis), other arboviruses (Hantavirus, yellow fever), paracoccidioidomycosis
North America		Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Arbovirus (Eastern and Western equine encephalitis, West Nile fever), babesiosis, ehrlichiosis

CCHF; Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever.

Adapted from British Infection Society recommendations. See: Johnston V, Stockley JM, Dockrell D, et al. Fever in returning travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: recommendations for investigation and initial management. J Infect 2009; 59: 1–18.