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. 2015 Nov 6;41:348–366. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.007

Table 2.

Semi-quantitative summary of results; symbols signify the performance as follows: + superior; +/o case-dependent but generally superior; o equal; o/− case-dependent but generally inferior, − inferior; +/− case-dependent and ambivalent.

Category Criterion Electric two-wheelers relative to conventionally-powered two- and four-wheel motor vehicles
Environmental performance Energy use and CO2 emissions (tank-to-wheel) +
Energy use and CO2 emissions (well-to-wheel) +/o
Energy use and CO2 emissions (life cycle) +/o
Air pollution +
Noise pollution +
Lead toxicity o/−



Economic performance Price
Total user costs +/−



Social performance Human exposure to pollution +
Audibility and visibility
Urban mobility +/−
Road accidents and fatalities +/−
Demand for road infrastructure +/−
Vulnerability in case of accident +/−