Figure 1.

Graphical overview of picornavirus replication. Virus particle first attaches to host cell surface via a cellular receptor before entering and uncoating to unveil the viral RNA genome. Viral RNA is translated by cellular translational machinery to give a polyprotein that is then cleaved by the virus-encoded proteases 2A^pro and 3C^pro to give functional precursor proteins (e.g. 2BC and 3CD) and individual proteins. Within virus-induced membrane vesicles, viral RNA (+) is copied by the viral RNA polymerase, 3D^pol, to give (−) strand RNA intermediates, which in turn provide the template for the synthesis of (+) strand viral RNA. The (+) strand viral RNAs are used to generate more (−) strand viral RNAs, translated into viral proteins or packaged into progeny virions. Lysis of host cells will result in the release of progeny virions. Adapted and modified from Figure 2 in Ref. [10] and Figure 4 In Ref. [16].