Table 2.
Multivariable associations between symptoms, signs and demographic variables and microbe detection
| Variable | Adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], P value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any virus | Any bacteria | β-haemolytic Streptococcus A | S. pneumoniae | H. influenzae | RSV | Enteroviruses | Rhinoviruses | S. aureus | |
| Age <2 years | 1.65 [1.36–1.99], <0.001 | — | 0.31 [0.20–0.50], <0.001 | 1.53 [1.19–1.96], 0.001 | — | 2.48 [1.69–1.69], <0.001 | — | — | — |
| Blocked/ runny nose during the last 24 hours (severe) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.86 [1.32–2.63], <0.001 | — |
| Blocked/ runny nose in the last 24 hours | 1.57 [1.28–1.93], <0.001 | — | — | — | 1.56 [1.23–1.98], <0.001 | 2.67 [1.40–1.40], 0.003 | — | — | — |
| Chills in the last 24 hours (severe) | — | — | — | — | 3.16 [1.55–6.41], 0.001 | — | — | — | — |
| Disturbed sleep during the illness | — | — | — | 1.64 [1.18–2.30], 0.004 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Disturbed sleep in the last 24 hours (severe) | 1.52 [1.21–1.92], <0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dry cough in the last 24 hours | — | — | — | — | 1.4 [1.13–1.72], 0.002 | — | — | — | — |
| Eating less during the illness | — | — | 1.68 [1.20–2.37], 0.003 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Eating less in the last 24 hours | — | — | — | 1.53 [1.19–1.98], 0.001 | — | — | — | — | |
| Fever during the illness | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.19 [1.46–3.28], <0.001 | 0.53 [0.41–0.69], <0.001 | — |
| High respiratory rate (age-adjusted) | — | — | — | 0.51 [0.33–0.78], 0.002 | — | — | — | — | — |
| High temperature | 1.89 [1.44–2.49], <0.001 | — | — | — | — | 2.08 [1.31–3.31], 0.002 | — | — | — |
| Illness worsened recently | — | — | — | — | 1.41 [1.11–1.78], 0.005 | — | — | — | — |
| IMD score | 0.99 [0.98–1.00], 0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Inflamed pharynx | — | — | 1.70 [1.24–2.35], 0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Low energy during the illness | — | 1.34 [1.17–1.67, <0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Number of children in the home >1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.51 [0.36–0.73], <0.001 | — | — |
| Pallor | 1.34 [1.08–1.65], 0.007 | — | 0.62 [0.46–0.85], 0.003 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Productive cough during the illness | — | — | — | — | — | 1.85 [1.21–2.84], 0.005 | — | — | — |
| Productive cough in the last 24 hours (severe) | — | — | — | — | 1.63 [1.16–2.29], 0.005 | — | — | — | — |
| Recruited October– March | — | — | — | — | 0.61 [0.49–0.76], <0.001 | 18.22 [5.74–5.74], <0.001 | 0.44 [0.31–0.64], <0.001 | — | — |
| Short of breath during the last 24 hours (severe) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.59 [2.07–6.23], <0.001 | — |
| Short of breath in the last 24 hours | — | — | — | — | — | 2.11 [1.44–3.11], <0.001 | — | — | — |
| Overall strength of relationship with symptoms and signs (AUROC) | 0.64 [0.61–0.66] | 0.54 [0.52–0.56] | 0.66 [0.62–0.70] | 0.62 [0.58–0.65] | 0.62 [0.59–0.65] | 0.80 [0.77–0.84] | 0.66 [0.62–0.71] | 0.62 [0.58–0.65] | — |