Table 3.
Outcomes Comparing Single-Pathogen Infections to Coinfections
| Etiology | O2 Use in the First 24 h | ICU Admission | Invasive Mechanical Ventilation | Length of Stay, d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infections, % | P a | Infections, % | P a | Infections, % | P a | Mean (IQR) | P a | |
| By group | ||||||||
| Any viral pathogen | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 1462) | 58 | 20 | 5 | 4.0 (2–4) | ||||
| Plus any typical bacterial pathogen (n = 97) | 55 | .501 | 42 | <.001 | 26 | <.001 | 8.6 (3–11) | <.001 |
| Plus any single typical bacterial pathogen (n = 78) | 53 | .333 | 33 | .004 | 19 | <.001 | 7.7 (3–10) | <.001 |
| Any single viral pathogen | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 1054) | 57 | 21 | 6 | 3.8 (2–4) | ||||
| Plus any single typical bacterial pathogen (n = 56) | 48 | .202 | 36 | .007 | 21 | <.001 | 8.0 (3–9.5) | <.001 |
| Plus any single atypical-bacterial pathogen (n = 40) | 53 | .582 | 18 | .699 | 5 | 1.00c | 3.3 (2.0–4.5) | .233 |
| Any single atypical bacterial pathogen | ||||||||
| Overall(n = 133) | 61 | 10 | 1 | 3.2 (2–4) | ||||
| Plus any viral pathogen (n = 55) | 53 | .300 | 15 | .323 | 4 | .205c | 3.5 (2–5) | .525 |
| Plus any single viral pathogen (n = 40) | 53 | .344 | 18 | .165c | 5 | .134c | 3.3 (2–4.5) | .874 |
| Any single typical bacterial pathogen (n = 31) | 52 | 35 | 23 | 6.8 (3–9) | ||||
| Plus any viral pathogen (n = 61) | 51 | .943 | 31 | .675 | 13 | .245 | 7.1 (3–10) | .829 |
| Plus any single viral pathogen (n = 56) | 48 | .761 | 36 | .983 | 21 | .901 | 8.0 (3–9.5) | .386 |
| Plus RSV (n = 17) | 59 | .632 | 41 | .697 | 41 | .201 | 10.1 (3–11) | .143 |
| By pathogenb | ||||||||
| hRV | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 348) | 47 | 22 | 6 | 3.6 (2–4) | ||||
| Plus hAdV (n = 61) | 61 | .054 | 20 | .668 | 10 | .252c | 7.4 (1–3) | .304 |
| Plus RSV (n = 54) | 56 | .257 | 22 | .987 | 2 | .334c | 3.7 (2–4) | .742 |
| Plus influenza A/B virus (n = 12) | 50 | .852 | 8 | .475c | 8 | .520c | 3.2 (1.5–3.5) | .767 |
| RSV | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 358) | 66 | 20 | 6 | 3.9 (2–5) | ||||
| Plus any single typical bacterial pathogen (n = 17) | 59 | .536 | 41 | .061c | 41 | <.001c | 10.1 (3–11) | .006 |
| Plus hRV (n = 54) | 56 | .131 | 22 | .722 | 2 | .336c | 3.8 (2–4) | .797 |
| Plus hAdV (n = 43) | 70 | .631 | 14 | .335 | 2 | .714c | 3.6 (2–4) | .650 |
| Plus hCoV (n = 31) | 55 | .206 | 16 | .593 | 6 | .691 | 3.7 (2–4) | .742 |
| Plus influenza A/B virus (n = 24) | 79 | .188 | 21 | 1.00c | 4 | 1.00c | 2.8 (2–3) | .015 |
| Plus hMPV (n = 18) | 72 | .592 | 22 | .768c | 6 | 1.00c | 5.7 (3–5) | .363 |
| hAdV | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 50) | 45 | 16 | 8 | 3.4 (2–4) | ||||
| Plus hRV (n = 61) | 61 | .099 | 20 | .617 | 10 | 1.00c | 7.4 (1–3) | .284 |
| Plus RSV (n = 43) | 70 | .016 | 14 | .783 | 2 | .368c | 3.6 (2–4) | .722 |
| Influenza A/B virus | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 54) | 56 | 22 | 7 | 4.9 (2–5) | ||||
| Plus RSV (n = 24) | 79 | .046 | 21 | .891 | 4 | 1.00c | 2.8 (2–3) | .044 |
| Plus hRV (n = 12) | 50 | .727 | 8 | .433c | 8 | 1.00c | 3.2 (1.5–3.5) | .220d |
| hMPV | ||||||||
| Overall (n = 165) | 65 | 24 | 5 | 4.0 (2–5) | ||||
| Plus RSV (n = 18) | 72 | .532 | 22 | 1.00c | 6 | 1.00c | 5.7 (3–5) | .376 |
Abbreviations: hADV, human adenovirus; hCoV, human coronavirus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus; hRV, human rhinovirus; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.
aCompared to the overall group or pathogen.
bInfections due to 1 or 2 pathogens only.
cBy the Fisher exact test.
dBy the Wilcoxon rank sum test.