Figure 1. Forest plots showing odds ratios for risk of developing dementia by exposure to each antihypertensive class compared to no treatment in participants aged over 65 years with ≥5 years follow-up.

^aAdjusted for sex, age, baseline systolic blood pressure, and education. Additional adjustment for ethnic group in the Einstein Aging Study. ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BB = β-blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; CSHA = Canadian Study of Health and Ageing; GEM = Ginkgo Evaluation and Memory trial; HYVET = Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial; MAAS = Maastricht Ageing Study; MYHAT = Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey; PreDIVA = Prevention of Dementia by Intensive Vascular Care; Syst-Eur = Systolic Hypertension in Europe.