Figure 2. Forest plots showing odds ratios for risk of developing cognitive decline by exposure to each antihypertensive class compared to no treatment in participants aged over 65 years with ≥5 years follow-up.

^aAdjusted for sex, age, baseline systolic blood pressure, and education. ^bCognitive decline classified using the reliable change index and a deterioration in the cognitive screening test, the Mini-Mental State Examination. ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALSA = Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BB = β-blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; CFAS = Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies; CSHA = Canadian Study of Health and Ageing; GEM = Ginkgo Evaluation and Memory trial; HYVET = Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial; MAAS = Maastricht Ageing Study; MAS = Sydney Memory and Ageing Study; MYHAT = Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey; PATH = Personality and Total Health study; PreDIVA = Prevention of Dementia by Intensive Vascular Care; Syst-Eur = Systolic Hypertension in Europe; TILDA = Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.