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. 2020 Mar 31;10:5722. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62580-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of chondrogenic markers in cartilage gels. The 2-week cultured cartilage gels showed significantly higher levels of extracellular matrix gene expression, COL1A1 and COL2A1, compared to fetal cartilage progenitor cell group (A,B). The 2-week culture group also showed increased expression of other chondrogenic markers, ACAN and SOX9, albeit without statistical significance (C,D). COL10A1, a chondrogenic differentiation marker, showed increased expression over culture time (E). Statistical analysis done with Kruskal-Wallis test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) and number of biological replicates n = 5. FCPC; fetal cartilage progenitor cell, NC; Native cartilage.