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. 2020 Mar 31;10:5722. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62580-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cartilage repair analysis of 2-week cultured cartilage gels transplanted in a non-human primate cartilage defect model. (A) MRI images of femoral condyles taken at 8, 16 and 24 weeks after surgery along with final gross images taken at 24 weeks showed continued filling of the cartilage defect. (B) Histological analysis of cartilage defects 24 weeks after surgery showed better cartilage repair in cartilage gel groups, compared to defect only control groups. Repaired cartilage of the cartilage gel group showed lacunae formation (black arrow), and absence of cell clustering present in the control group (white arrow). Repaired cartilage expressed similar levels of collagen type I and II to surrounding hyaline cartilage. (C) Dot plot of cartilage repair score results. Cartilage repair scores were significantly better overall and in each anatomic location of the defect compared to the control group. Statistical analysis done with Mann-Whitney test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Magnification x15, x100, x200. GI; Gross image, H&E; Hematoxylin and eosin, SO; Safranin-O, IHC; Immunohistochemistry, D; Defect, C; Native Cartilage, B; Bone.