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. 2020 Mar 31;11(3):211. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-2404-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — In pathologic conditions, upon TGF-β1 signaling activation, activated pSmad3 translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to the CTR1 promoter to initiate its expression. CTR1 expression induces the influx of copper, which binds, stabilizes and activates LOX. Activated LOX crosslinks ECM, resulting in the acceleration of renal fibrosis.