Table 1.

In vivo imaging strategies for ¹³C-labeled dDNP-polarized hyperpolarized probes, sequence details, respective applications and probed species

Strategy	Additional specifics of acquisition strategy	HP-probe	Application	Species
FIDCSI	3-Dimensional [373] Compressed Sensing [374] ECG-gated and respiratory-gated [241] Parallel imaging [83] Variable flip angle [375]	[1-13C]pyruvate	Tumor Brain Heart Inflammation Kidney Lung Obesity T2-mapping	M [65], R [343], D [376] M [377], R [368] R [378], P [167] R [375] R [379], P [380] R [381] M [382] R [383]
		[1-13C]acetoacetate	Redox	R [25]
		[1-13C]bicarbonate	pH	M [5]
		[1-13C]dehydroascorbate	Redox	M, R [373]
		[1-13C, U-2H]ethanol	Liver	M [370]
		[1-13C]ethyl pyruvate	Brain	R [368]
		[1,3‐13C2]ethyl acetoacetate	Tumor	R [354]
		[1,4-13C2]fumarate	Necrosis	M [6], R [358]
		[U-13C, U-2H]glucose	Tumor	M [353]
		[1-13C]α-ketobutyrate	Heart, kidney	R [363]
		[1‐13C]2-ketoisocaproate	Tumor	M [357]
		[2-13C]pyruvate	Brain	R [367]
		[1,2-13C]pyruvate	Heart, kidney	R [363]
		[1,5-13C2]zymonic acid	pH	R [50]
SPCSI	3-Dimensional [361] Bipolar flow-sensitive gradients [384] ECG-gated and respiratory-gated [385] Compressed Sensing [372] Multi-echo [344] Multi-echo-SPARSE [125, 131] Multi-slice [125] Variable flip angle [344, 386]	[1-13C]pyruvate	Tumor Brain Heart Kidney Liver Pregnancy	R [125] R [54], P [387], H [111] P [386] R [344], R [388] R [389]
		[1-13C]acetate	Kidney	R [366]
		[1-13C]acetoacetate	Heart	R [372]
		[2-13C]dihydroxyacetone	Liver	R [372]
		[1-13C]ethyl pyruvate	Brain	P [242]
		[1,4-13C2]fumarate	Necrosis Kidney	R [359] R [360]
		[1-13C]ketoisocaproate	Brain	R [369]
		[1-13C]lactate	Heart	R [361]
		[13C]urea	Perfusion	R [350]
		[13C,15N2]urea	Perfusion	R [359]
EPSI	3-Dimensional [390] Absorptive mode [49] Bipolar flow-sensitive gradients [391] Compressed sensing [158, 159] Double spin echo [128] Flyback readout [128] Parallel imaging [84] Symmetric readout [273, 392] WALTZ16-decoupling [228] Variable flip angle [82]	[1-13C]pyruvate	Tumor Brain Kidney Liver	M [82], R [393], D [273], H [78, 79, 272, 305] M [49] R [128] R [128]
		[1-13C]bicarbonate	pH	M [394]
		[1-13C]dehydroascorbate	Kidney	M [392]
		[2-13C]fructose	Tumor	M [355]
		[1-13C]lactate	Kidney, liver	R [371]
		[13C]urea	Perfusion	M [346]
SSFP	3-Dimensional [365] Bolus tracking [348] Compressed sensing [307] Multi-echo-SPARSE [204, 292] Multi-slice [346] Spectral suppression [290] Variable flip angle [290]	[1-13C]pyruvate	Tumor Heart Kidney	M [307] P [298] P [292]
		[1-13C, U–H2]tert-butanol	Perfusion	M [297], R [345]
		HP001	Perfusion	M [346], R [348]
		[1-13C]lactate	T2-mapping	M [307]
		[2-13C]pyruvate	T2-mapping	M [307]
		[13C]urea	Angiography Kidney Perfusion T2-mapping	R [34, 395] R [396] M [297] R [107]
		[13C,15N2]urea	Kidney Perfusion T2-mapping	R [364], P [365] P [349] R [107]
SPSP	3-Dimensional [139] B1-mapping [73] Bolus-tracking [397] Compressed sensing [235] Double spin echo [140] ECG-gated [70] FID-CSI [398] Unpaired adiabatic pulses [199] INEPT [216] k–t Principal component analysis [74] Multi-band radial frequency encoding [399] Multi-echo-SPARSE SPCSI [362] Mult-islice [70] Parallel imaging [86] Saturation recovery [66] Selective non-excitation of pyruvate [400] Multi-echo SPCSI [72] Steady state free precession [291] Flyback echo planar spectroscopic imaging [140] Symmetric echo planar imaging [95] Variable flip angle [140]	[1-13C]pyruvate	Tumor Brain Diffusion Heart Obesity	M [139, 140], R [66], H [80] NHP [401], H [119] M [269] R [402], P [70, 72], H [76] R [403]
		[1-13C]acetate	Heart	R [362]
		[1-13C]bicarbonate	pH	R [404]
		[2-13C]dihydroxyacetone	Kidney, liver	R [301]
		[1-13C]glycerolcarbonate	pH	M [398]
		[1-13C]α-ketoglutarate	Tumor	R [356]
		HP001	Perfusion	M [347]
		[2-13C]pyruvate	Liver T2-mapping	R [405]
		[13C]urea	Angiography	M [288]
		[13C,15N2]urea

M mouse, R rat, P pig, D dog, NHP non-human primate, H human