Table 2.

High-risk factors [15] for mothers

S. no.	High-risk factors
1	Maternal extreme of ages [< 16 and > 35 years], low socioeconomic and nutritional status, pre-pregnancy BMI < 20, wt < 45 kg and > 75 kg and heavy manual workers
2	Maternal active or passive smoking, alcohol intake, teratogenic drug intake anticancer, anticonvulsants, antimetabolite drugs and folic acid antagonists or illicit/substance abuse in past and present
3	History of growth-restricted fetus or still birth in a previous pregnancy predisposes to a 50% increase in risk of severe growth restriction in subsequent pregnancies, the risk being higher if the past stillbirth had occurred before 32-week gestation
4	Nulligravida and parity more than 5, < 6 months or > 10 years interval between two pregnancies
5	Medical disorder—maternal hypertensive disorders, sickle cell disease, Type II diabetes mellitus, reno-vascular disorders, SLE, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, bronchial asthma and CVS anomalies
6	Hematologic and immunologic disorders (acquired thrombophilias)
7	Maternal infection (malaria, TORCH, tuberculosis, bacterial vaginosis and UTI)
8	IVF/multiple pregnancy