Table 3.
Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis used to create the GENDER Index in which biological sex served as the dependent variable (female = 1, male = 0)
| Variables included in the gender score | Multivariate logistic regression model | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| OR a | 95% confidence interval | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Single | Reference | ||
| Married | 1.166 | 1.028 | 1.322 |
| Living common-law | 1.322 | 1.164 | 1.502 |
| Widowed | 2.543 | 1.247 | 5.186 |
| Separated | 1.354 | 1.045 | 1.755 |
| Divorced | 2.316 | 1.921 | 2.793 |
| Racial/cultural group | |||
| Non-white (others) | Reference | ||
| White | 1.190 | 0.960 | 1.474 |
| Highest level of education successfully completed | |||
| Grade 8 or lower (Québec: secondary II or lower) | Reference | ||
| Grade 9–10 (Québec: secondary III or IV) | 1.092 | 0.856 | 1.393 |
| Grade 11–13 (Québec: secondary V) | 1.279 | 1.017 | 1.609 |
| College/CÉGEP | 1.457 | 1.148 | 1.849 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.196 | 0.932 | 1.534 |
| University degree or certificate above bachelor’s degree | 0.931 | 0.692 | 1.253 |
| Household income before taxes (Canadian dollars) | |||
| $0–$19,999 | Reference | ||
| $20,000–$39,999 | 0.997 | 0.763 | 1.301 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 0.715 | 0.547 | 0.934 |
| $60,000–$79,999 | 0.595 | 0.454 | 0.781 |
| $80,000–$99,999 | 0.547 | 0.408 | 0.733 |
| ≥ $100,000 | 0.457 | 0.345 | 0.605 |
| Child support as the main source of household income | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 3.304 | 0.023 | 465.152 |
| Household size | |||
| 1 | Reference | ||
| 2 | 1.250 | 1.086 | 1.438 |
| 3–4 | 1.306 | 1.106 | 1.544 |
| ≥ 5 | 0.969 | 0.754 | 1.245 |
| Household with children (≤ 15 years old) | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.092 | 0.958 | 1.245 |
| Household food insecurity (past 12 months) | |||
| Always had enough of the kinds of foods they wanted to eat | Reference | ||
| Enough to eat, but not always the kinds of food they wanted | 0.982 | 0.809 | 1.194 |
| Sometimes did not have enough to eat | 1.157 | 0.591 | 2.265 |
| Often did not have enough to eat | 1.156 | 0.440 | 3.035 |
| Ownership of the household | |||
| Tenant | Reference | ||
| Owner | 1.298 | 1.165 | 1.447 |
| Sense of belonging to the local community | |||
| Very weak | Reference | ||
| Somewhat weak | 0.960 | 0.814 | 1.133 |
| Somewhat strong | 1.026 | 0.877 | 1.200 |
| Very strong | 0.898 | 0.737 | 1.095 |
| Worked in the last week | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.654 | 0.558 | 0.765 |
| Number of working hours per week | |||
| < 35 | Reference | ||
| ≥ 35 | 0.417 | 0.376 | 0.463 |
| Self-employment | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.556 | 0.490 | 0.630 |
| Industry classification—health care and social assistance sector b | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.481 | 2.100 | 2.931 |
| Industry classification—construction/manufacturing sectors b | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.509 | 0.447 | 0.579 |
| Occupational classification—health occupations/occupations in social science, education, government service, and religion b | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.823 | 1.557 | 2.134 |
| Occupational classification—trades, transport and equipment operators, and related occupations/occupations unique to primary b industry | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.107 | 0.090 | 0.127 |
| Stress at work | |||
| Most days at work are not at all stressful | Reference | ||
| Not very stressful | 1.314 | 1.087 | 1.587 |
| A bit stressful | 1.184 | 0.994 | 1.411 |
| Quite a bit stressful | 1.220 | 1.003 | 1.483 |
| Extremely stressful | 1.529 | 1.166 | 2.003 |
| Most days amount of stress | |||
| Most days are not at all stressful | Reference | ||
| Not very stressful | 1.615 | 1.341 | 1.944 |
| A bit stressful | 1.868 | 1.571 | 2.220 |
| Quite a bit stressful | 2.114 | 1.752 | 2.551 |
| Extremely stressful | 2.181 | 1.641 | 2.898 |
OR odds ratio
Italicized confidence intervals indicate statistically significant associations (the confidence interval does not include 1)
aOR > 1 indicates a higher level of characteristics associated with women/more feminine characteristics
bFor the purpose of this study, industry and occupational classifications were recategorized according to occupations that most differ between sexes (Statistics Canada 2010b)