Table 2.
Main effect of explanatory variables on absenteeism and presenteeism of wage workers among 26 OECD counties.
| Fixed effect | Absenteeism | Presenteeism | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| B | OR (95% CI) | B | OR (95% CI) | B | OR (95% CI) | B | OR (95% CI) | |
| Level 1 | ||||||||
| Female (ref: Male) | 0.262*** | 1.299 (1.216–1.388) | 0.262*** | 1.299 (1.216–1.389) | 0.280*** | 1.323 (1.246–1.404) | 0.281*** | 1.324 (1.247–1.406) |
| Work-life imbalances (ref: Low) | 0.063 | 1.065 (0.996–1.139) | 0.063 | 1.066 (0.997–1.139) | 0.273*** | 1.314 (1.236–1.396) | 0.274*** | 1.315 (1.237–1.398) |
| Non-permanent employment (ref: Permanent) | −0.353*** | 0.702 (0.649–0.761) | −0.352*** | 0.703 (0.649–0.762) | −0.134*** | 0.874 (0.815–0.938) | −0.134*** | 0.874 (0.815–0.938) |
| Manual job type (ref: Non-manual) | −0.030 | 0.971 (0.897–1.051) | −0.029 | 0.971 (0.897–1.052) | −0.097** | 0.907 (0.844–0.975) | −0.096** | 0.908 (0.845–0.976) |
| Level 2 | ||||||||
| Gender gap in the employment rate | 0.005 | 1.005 (0.962–1.049) | −0.035* | 0.965 (0.933–0.998) | ||||
| Gender wage gap | −0.054*** | 0.948 (0.923–0.973) | −0.032* | 0.968 (0.944–0.994) | ||||
| Random effect | ||||||||
| Level 2, μ0 (τ) | 0.387 | 0.225 | 0.229 | 0.216 | ||||
| Explanation of τ (%) | 19.9 | 53.4 | 32.4 | 36.3 | ||||
| χ2 | 5311.558*** | 1205.810*** | 822.310*** | 798.012*** | ||||
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001. All models were controlled at individual- and country-level.