Table 3.
Interactional effect of explanatory variables on absenteeism and presenteeism of wage workers among 26 OECD countries.
| Fixed effect | Absenteeism | Presenteeism | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
| B | OR (95% CI) | B | OR (95% CI) | B | OR (95% CI) | B | OR (95% CI) | |
| Level 1 | ||||||||
| Female (ref: Male) | 0.265*** | 1.304 (1.218–1.395) | 0.276*** | 1.317 (1.227–1.415) | 0.247*** | 1.280 (1.200–1.366) | 0.237*** | 1.268 (1.182–1.360) |
| Work-life imbalances (ref: Low) | 0.063 | 1.065 (0.994–1.142) | 0.103** | 1.108 (1.031–1.191) | 0.255*** | 1.291 (1.208–1.380) | 0.267*** | 1.305 (1.215–1.402) |
| Non-permanent employment (ref: Permanent) | −0.425*** | 0.654 (0.601–0.712) | −0.454*** | 0.635 (0.582–0.693) | −0.202*** | 0.817 (0.754–0.887) | −0.172*** | 0.842 (0.772–0.919) |
| Manual job type (ref: Non-manual) | −0.060 | 0.942 (0.868–1.022) | −0.072 | 0.931 (0.855–1.014) | −0.152*** | 0.859 (0.794–0.929) | −0.189*** | 0.827 (0.997–1.008) |
| Level 2 | ||||||||
| Gender gap in the employment rate | −0.005 | 0.995 (0.953–1.040) | −0.051** | 0.951 (0.919–0.983) | ||||
| Gender wage gap | −0.053*** | 0.949 (0.923–0.975) | −0.038** | 0.962 (0.938–0.988) | ||||
| Cross-level interaction | ||||||||
| Female*gender gap in the employment rate | −0.004 | 0.996 (0.987–1.004) | 0.009* | 1.009 (1.001–1.017) | ||||
| Work-life imbalances*gender gap in the employment rate | 0.001 | 1.001 (0.993–1.010) | 0.007 | 1.007 (0.999–1.015) | ||||
| Non-permanent employment*gender gap in the employment rate | 0.021*** | 1.022 (1.012–1.031) | 0.013** | 1.013 (1.004–1.022) | ||||
| Manual job type*gender gap in the employment rate | 0.011* | 1.011 (1.002–1.019) | 0.014*** | 1.014 (1.006–1.022) | ||||
| Female*gender wage gap | −0.004 | 0.996 (0.991–1.001) | 0.005* | 1.005 (1.001–1.009) | ||||
| Work-life imbalances*gender wage gap | −0.008** | 0.992 (0.987–0.998) | 0.001 | 1.001 (0.997–1.006) | ||||
| Non-permanent employment*gender wage gap | 0.017*** | 1.017 (1.011–1.023) | 0.002 | 1.002 (0.997–1.008) | ||||
| Manual job type*gender wage gap | 0.007* | 1.007 (1.001–1.012) | 0.010*** | 1.010 (1.006–1.015) | ||||
| Random effect | ||||||||
| Level 2, μ0 (τ) | 0.381 | 0.230 | 0.219 | 0.211 | ||||
| Explanation of τ (%) | 21.1 | 52.4 | 35.4 | 37.8 | ||||
| χ2 | 5145.509*** | 1217.536*** | 798.653*** | 768.426*** | ||||
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.
All models were controlled at individual- and country-level.