Table 5.

The in vitro mechanism underlying the inhibition of MPTP opening-induced neuronal apoptosis by herbal medicine in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Agents	Cell lines	Model	Dose	Time periods	Mechanisms	References
ABP	PHN of embryonic, 18-d SD rats	OGD (NMDA insult, 0.5 h)/R (24 h)	1 µg/ml	Pretreatment for 12 h and during OGD/R period	MMP↑; Bax↓, Caspase-3↓, ROS↓	Shen et al., 2010
GLP	PCN of neonatal SD rats (<24 h)	OGD (5% CO2 and 95% N2, 2 h)/R (24 h)	0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg/ml	Pretreatment for 0.5 h and during OGD/R period	Bcl-2↑; cleaved Caspases-3/8/9↓, Bax↓	Zhou et al., 2010
Astragalosides	PC12	OGD (5% CO2 and 95% N2, 5 h)/R (24 h)	1, 100, and 200 g/ml	During reperfusion period	MMP↑, p-p38/p38↑,; fragmented DNA↓, LDH↓, Caspase-3/9/12↓, cleaved Caspases-3/9↓, ROS↓, LC3–11↓, Bip↓, neuronal apoptosis under flow cytometry↓,	Chiu et al., 2014
Clinacanthus nutans Lindau	PCN of embryonic, 15.5-d Balb/c mouse	OGD (0.02–0.1% O2, 5% CO2, 10% H2, and 85% N2, 0.5 h)/R (4–24 h)	6.25 μg/ml	Pretreatment for 1 h and during OGD/R period	14-3-3ϵ↑, C/EBPβ↑, PPAR-γ↑, p-Bad↑, Bcl-2↑, MMP↑; cleaved Caspase-3↓, PARP-1↓	Wu J. et al., 2017
LBP	PHN of neonatal SD rats (<24 h)	OGD (5% CO2 and 95% N2, 2 h)/R (24 h)	10, 20, and 40 mg/L	During reperfusion period	MMP↑, IκB-α↑, LDH↓, ROS↓, Ca2 +↓, IL-6↓, TLR4↓, NF-κB↓, Hoechst 33342 positive neurons↓, TUNEL-positive cells↓	Zhao et al., 2017b
Spatholobi Caulis extract	SH-SY5Y	A-24 h etoposide insult	25 and 50 μg/ml	Pretreatment for 6 h and co-culture with etoposide for 24 h	MMP↑; cleaved PARP↓, p-p53↓, cleaved Caspase-3↓, Caspase-3/7↓, p-JNK/JNK↓, p-p38 /p38↓, TUNEL-positive neurons↓, neuronal apoptosis under flow cytometry↓	Park et al., 2018
Radix Scrophulariae aqueous extract	PC12	OGD (5% CO2 and 95% N2, 2 h)/R (24 h)	6.25, 12.50, 25.00, and 50.00 µg/ml	Pretreatment for 24 h	Bcl-2↑, SOD↑, GSH-Px↑, CAT↑, MMP↑; LDH↓, MDA↓, NO↓, Bax↓	Meng et al., 2018
CDP	PC12	OGD (5% CO2 and 95% N2, 4 h)/R (24 h)	0.05, 0.50, and 5.00 μg/ml	During reperfusion period	CAT↑, GSH-Px↑, T-AOC↑, MMP↑, DJ-1↑; ROS↓, LDH↓, MDA↓, Ca2+↓, neuronal apoptosis under flow cytometry↓, Hoechst33342 positive neurons↓	Liu et al., 2018
Scutellaria barbata D. Don extract	PC12	OGD (1% O2, 5% CO2, and 94% N2, 6 h)/R (18 h)	0.1–0.8 mg/ml	Pretreatment for 12–48 h	p-PI3K/ PI3K↑, p-AKT/AKT↑, p-PI3K↑, p-AKT↑, Nrf2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, MMP↑, Ki67 positive cells↑,Cycin D1↑, Cyclin E↑; MDA↓, Bax↓, cleaved Caspase-3↓, Bid↓, neuronal apoptosis under flow cytometry↓	Wang et al., 2019e
Aglaia odorata Lour. extract	PC12	OGD (5% CO2 and 95% N2, 4 h)/R (24 h)	5, 10, and 50 ng/ml	During OGD/R period	MMP↑, Caspase-3↑, PARP↑, Bcl-2↑; LDH↓, cleaved PARP↓, cleaved Caspase-3/9↓, Bax↓, p53↓, Puma↓, mtROS↓, AO/EB and Hoechst 33258 positive neurons↓	Wang et al., 2020

↑, upgrade; ↓, downgrade.