Figure 2.

TLR4-Mediated Activation of SAMHD1 Is MyD88 Independent

(A) Diagram of TLR4 activation. LPS activates both MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Tenascin-C (TNC) and Flagellin (FLA) activate only the MyD88-dependent pathway leading to NF-κB translocation into the nucleus.

(B) IRF3/NF-κB translocation assay. Cells were exposed to TNC, FLA, and LPS and 2 h later stained for IRF3/NF-κB. The percentage of cells with nuclear staining was determined (n = 3, mean ± SEM). Scale bars, 20 μm.

(C) MDMs were treated with LPS, TNC, and FLA, and cytokines were measured by ELISA in culture media 24 h later.

(D) MDMs treated with TNC, FLA, and LPS were infected by VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 18 h later. The percentage of infected cells was determined 48 h post-infection (n = 3, mean ± SEM). Cells from a representative donor were used for immunoblotting.

^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001; ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01; ^nsp, non-significant, paired t-test.